Islamic terrorism

==== Turkey ====
{{See also|Terrorism in Turkey}}
Historians have said that militant Islamism first gained ground among Kurds before its appeal grew among ethnic Turks and that the two most important radical Islamist organizsations have been an outgrowth of Kurdish Islamism rather than Turkish Islamism.<ref name="ReferenceA">*German Jihad: On the Internationalisation of Islamist Terrorism by Guido Steinberg. Columbia University Press, 2013</ref> The Turkish or Kurdish Hizbullah is a primarily Kurdish group has its roots in the predominantly Kurdish southeast of Turkey and among Kurds who migrated to the cities in Western Turkey.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> The members of the [[Great Eastern Islamic Raiders' Front|İBDA-C]] were predominantly Kurds, most members if not all are ethnic Kurds like its founder, as in the Hizbullah. The İBDA-C stressed its Kurdish roots, and is fighting Turkish secularism, and is also anti-Christian. The Hizbula reestablished in 2003 in southeastern Turkey and "today its ideology might be more widespread than ever among Kurds there".<ref name="ReferenceA" /> The influence of these groups confirms "the continuing Kurdish domination of Turkish islamism". Notable Kurdish Islamists include also<ref>Mamdouh Mahmud Salim</ref>(an Iraqi Kurd born in Sudan) co-founder of the Islamist terrorist network al-Qaeda. There is a strong Kurdish element in Turkish radical Islamism.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Kurdish and Turkish Islamists have also co-operated together, one example being the 2003 Istanbul bombings, and this co-operation has also been observed in Germany, as in the case of the Sauerland terror cell. Political scientist Guido Steinberg stated that many top leaders of Islamist organizations in Turkey fled to Germany in the 2000s, and that the Turkish Hizbullah has also "left an imprint on Turkish Kurds in Germany".<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Also many Kurds from Iraq (there are about 50,000 to 80,000 Iraqi Kurds in Germany) financially supported Kurdish-Islamist groups like Ansar al Islam.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Many Islamists in Germany are ethnic Kurds (Iraqi and Turkish Kurds) or Turks. Before 2006, the German Islamist scene was dominated by Iraqi Kurds and Palestinians, but since 2006 Kurds and Turks from Turkey are dominant.<ref name="ReferenceA" />

[[Hizbollah (Turkey)|Hezbollah in Turkey]] (unrelated to the [[Shia Islam|Shia]] Hezbollah in Lebanon) is a [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] terrorist group accused of a series of attacks, including the [[2003 Istanbul bombings|November 2003 bombings]] of two synagogues, the British consulate in [[Istanbul]] and HSBC bank headquarters that killed 58.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kohlmann|first=Evan|author-link=Evan Kohlmann |url=http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/kohlmann200311250844.asp|title=Terrorized Turkey: Pointing fingers at al Qaeda|work=National Review |date=25 November 2003|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040217221333/http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/kohlmann200311250844.asp |archive-date=17 February 2004}}</ref> <!-- Wikipedia article actually says: "Perpetrator: Al-Qaeda" --> Hizbullah's leader, [[Hüseyin Velioğlu]], was killed in action by Turkish police in Beykoz on 17 January 2000. Besides Hizbullah, other Islamic groups listed as a terrorist organization by [[General Directorate of Security (Turkey)|Turkish police]] counter-terrorism include [[Great Eastern Islamic Raiders' Front]], [[al-Qaeda]] in Turkey, [[Tevhid-Selam]] (also known as ''[[al-Quds]] Army''), and [[Kalifatstaat]] ("Caliphate State", Hilafet Devleti). [[Islamic Party of Kurdistan]] and [[Hereketa İslamiya Kurdistan]] are also Islamist groups active against Turkey, however unlike Hizbullah they're yet to be listed as active terrorist organizations in Turkey by Turkish police counter-terrorism.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.egm.gov.tr/temuh/terorgrup1.html|title=Türkiye'de Halen Faaliyetlerine Devam Eden Başlıca Terör Örgütleri|language=tr|trans-title=Current Operations Continuing in Turkey – Major Terrorist Organizations |work=egm.gov.tr|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020827063338/http://www.egm.gov.tr/temuh/terorgrup1.html|archive-date=27 August 2002}}</ref><!-- This content appears to be extremely dated. One group has merged with another organisation since 2004; the other is possibly listed if it still exists -->