Vulgate

== Influence on Western Christianity ==
[[File:Gutenberg_bible_Old_Testament_Epistle_of_St_Jerome.jpg|alt=|thumb|300x300px|First page of the first volume of the [[Gutenberg Bible]]: the [[Jerome's epistle to Paulinus (Gutenberg Bible preface)|epistle of Jerome to Paulinus]] from the University of Texas copy. The page has 40 lines.]]
For over a thousand years (c.&nbsp;AD&nbsp;400–1530), the Vulgate was the most commonly used edition of the most influential text in Western European society. Indeed, for most [[Western Christians]], especially [[Catholics]], it was the only version of the Bible ever encountered, only truly being eclipsed in the mid 20th century.<ref name=prince>{{cite web |title=Cataloging Biblical Materials |url=https://library.princeton.edu/departments/tsd/katmandu/bible/versions.html# |website=Princeton Library |publisher=Princeton University Library's Cataloging Documentation |access-date=19 May 2023}}</ref>

In about 1455, [[List of editiones principes in Latin|the first Vulgate published]] by the [[moveable type]] process was produced in [[Mainz]] by a partnership between [[Johannes Gutenberg]] and banker [[John Fust]] (or Faust).<ref name="skeen">{{cite book |last1=Skeen |first1=William |title=Early Typography |date=1872 |location=Colombo, Ceylon |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/57463}}</ref><ref name="bibbig">{{cite book |last1=E. C. Bigmore, C. W. H. Wyman |title=A Bibliography of Printing |date=2014 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge |pages=288 |isbn=9781108074322 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eYHsAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA288}}</ref><ref name="wattbib">{{cite book |last1=Watt |first1=Robert |title=Bibliotheca Britannica; or a General Index to British and Foreign Literature |date=1824 |publisher=[[Longman|Longman, Hurst & Co.]] |location=Edinburgh and London |page=452 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OkVhAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA452}}</ref> At the time, a manuscript of the Vulgate was selling for approximately 500[[Guilders|&nbsp;guilders]]. Gutenberg's works appear to have been a commercial failure, and Fust sued for recovery of his 2026&nbsp;guilder investment and was awarded complete possession of the Gutenberg plant. Arguably, the [[Reformation]] could not have been possible without the diaspora of biblical knowledge that was permitted by the development of moveable type.<ref name="bibbig" />

Aside from its use in prayer, liturgy, and private study, the Vulgate served as inspiration for [[Poor Man's Bible|ecclesiastical art and architecture]], [[hymn]]s, countless paintings, and popular [[mystery plays]].

=== Reformation ===
{{See also|Reformation}}
The fifth volume of [[Brian Walton (bishop)|Walton's London Polyglot]] of 1657 included several versions of the New Testament: in Greek, Latin (a Vulgate version and the version by [[Arius Montanus]]), Syriac, Ethiopic, and Arabic. It also included a version of the Gospels in Persian.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Daniell|first1=David|title=The Bible in English: its history and influence|url=https://archive.org/details/bibleinenglishit0000dani|url-access=registration|date=2003|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|location=New Haven|isbn=0-300-09930-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/bibleinenglishit0000dani/page/510 510]}}</ref>

The Vulgate Latin is used regularly in [[Thomas Hobbes]]' ''[[Leviathan (Hobbes book)|Leviathan]]'' of 1651; in the ''Leviathan'' Hobbes "has a worrying tendency to treat the Vulgate as if it were the original".<ref>{{Harv|Daniell|2003|p=478}}</ref>

=== Translations ===
Before the publication of [[Pius XII]]'s ''Divino afflante Spiritu'', the Vulgate was the source text used for many translations of the Bible into vernacular languages. In English, the interlinear translation of the [[Lindisfarne Gospels]]<ref>Michelle P. Brown, ''The Lindisfarne Gospels: Society, Spirituality and the Scribe, Volume 1''</ref> as well as other [[Old English Bible translations]], the [[Wycliffe's Bible|translation]] of [[John Wycliffe]],<ref>James E. Smith, ''Introduction to Biblical Studies'', p. 38.</ref> the [[Douay–Rheims Bible]], the [[Confraternity Bible]], and [[Ronald Knox]]'s [[Knox's Translation of the Vulgate|translation]] were all made from the Vulgate.

=== Influence upon the English language ===
The Vulgate had significant cultural influence on literature for centuries, and thus the development of the English language, especially in matters of religion.<ref name=prince/> Many Latin words were taken from the Vulgate into English nearly unchanged in meaning or spelling: ''[[wikt:creation|creatio]]'' (e.g. [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]]&nbsp;1:1, Heb&nbsp;9:11), ''[[wikt:salvation|salvatio]]'' (e.g. Is 37:32,&nbsp;Eph 2:5), ''[[wikt:justification|justificatio]]'' (e.g. Rom&nbsp;4:25, Heb&nbsp;9:1), ''[[wikt:testament|testamentum]]'' (e.g. Mt&nbsp;26:28), ''[[wikt:sanctification|sanctificatio]]'' (1&nbsp;Ptr&nbsp;1:2, 1&nbsp;Cor&nbsp;1:30), ''[[wikt:regeneration|regeneratio]]'' (Mt&nbsp;19:28), and ''[[wikt:rapture|raptura]]'' (from a noun form of the verb ''rapere'' in 1&nbsp;Thes&nbsp;4:17). The word "[[publican]]" comes from the Latin ''publicanus'' (e.g., Mt&nbsp;10:3), and the phrase "[[:wikt:en:far be it#English|far be it]]" is a translation of the Latin expression ''absit.'' (e.g., Mt 16:22  in the [[King James Bible]]).<ref>{{bibleverse|Mt|16:22|KJV}}</ref> Other examples include ''[[wikt:apostle|apostolus]]'', ''[[wikt:ecclesial|ecclesia]]'', ''[[wikt:evangelical|evangelium]]'', ''[[wikt:paschal|Pascha]]'', and ''[[wikt:angel|angelus]]''.