Tower of London Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! ===Foundation and early history=== Victorious at the [[Battle of Hastings]] on 14 October 1066, the invading [[Duke of Normandy]], [[William the Conqueror]], spent the rest of the year securing his holdings by fortifying key positions. He founded several castles along the way, but took a circuitous route toward London;<ref name="ABC 5">{{harvnb|Allen Brown|Curnow|1984|p=5}}</ref><ref name="Liddiard 18">{{Harvnb|Liddiard|2005|p=18}}</ref> only when he reached [[Canterbury]] did he turn towards England's largest city. As the fortified bridge into London was held by [[Anglo-Saxons|Saxon]] troops, he decided instead to ravage [[Southwark]] before continuing his journey around southern England.<ref>{{harvnb|Bennett|2001|p=45}}</ref> A series of Norman victories along the route cut the city's supply lines and in December 1066, isolated and intimidated, its leaders yielded London without a fight.<ref>{{harvnb|Bennett|2001|pp=45β47}}</ref><ref name="Wilson1">{{harvnb|Wilson|1998|p=1}}</ref> Between 1066 and 1087, William established 36 castles,<ref name="Liddiard 18" /> although references in the [[Domesday Book]] indicate that many more were founded by his subordinates.<ref>{{harvnb|Allen Brown|1976|p=30}}</ref> The Normans undertook what has been described as "the most extensive and concentrated programme of castle-building in the whole history of feudal Europe".<ref>{{harvnb|Allen Brown|1976|p=31}}</ref> They were multi-purpose buildings, serving as fortifications (used as a base of operations in enemy territory), centres of administration, and residences.<ref>{{Harvnb|Friar|2003|p=47}}</ref> William sent an advance party to prepare the city for his entrance, to celebrate his victory and found a castle; in the words of William's biographer, [[William of Poitiers]], "certain fortifications were completed in the city against the restlessness of the huge and brutal populace. For he [William] realised that it was of the first importance to overawe the Londoners".<ref name="ABC 5" /> At the time, London was the largest town in England; the foundation of [[Westminster Abbey]] and the old [[Westminster Palace#Old Palace|Palace of Westminster]] under [[Edward the Confessor]] had marked it as a centre of governance, and with a prosperous port it was important for the Normans to establish control over the settlement.<ref name="Wilson1" /> The other two castles in London β [[Baynard's Castle]] and [[Montfichet's Castle]] β were established at the same time.<ref name="Wilson 2">{{harvnb|Wilson|1998|p=2}}</ref> The fortification that would later become known as the Tower of London was built onto the south-east corner of the Roman town walls, using them as prefabricated defences, with the [[River Thames]] providing additional protection from the south.<ref name="ABC 5" /> This earliest phase of the castle would have been enclosed by a ditch and defended by a timber [[palisade]], and probably had accommodation suitable for William.<ref>{{harvnb|Allen Brown|Curnow|1984|pp=5β9}}</ref> [[File:Tower of London White Tower.jpg|left|thumb|The White Tower dates from the late 11th century.]] Most of the early Norman castles were built from timber, but by the end of the 11th century a few, including the Tower of London, had been renovated or replaced with stone.<ref name="Wilson 2" /> Work on the White Tower β which gives the whole castle its name β<ref name="Allen Brown 1976 44">{{harvnb|Allen Brown|1976|p=44}}</ref> is usually considered to have begun in 1078, however the exact date is uncertain. William made [[Bishop Gundulf|Gundulf]], [[Bishop of Rochester]], responsible for its construction, although it may not have been completed until after William's death in 1087.<ref name="Allen Brown 1976 44" /> The White Tower is the earliest stone [[keep]] in England, and was the strongest point of the early castle. It also contained grand accommodation for the king.<ref name="AB 9-10">{{harvnb|Allen Brown|Curnow|1984|pp=9β10}}</ref> At the latest, it was probably finished by 1100 when Bishop [[Ranulf Flambard]] was imprisoned there.<ref name="ABC 12">{{harvnb|Allen Brown|Curnow|1984|p=12}}</ref>{{refn|Flambard, [[Bishop of Durham]], was imprisoned by [[Henry I of England|Henry I]] "for the many injustices which Henry himself and the king's other sons had suffered".<ref name="Wilson 5">{{harvnb|Wilson|1998|p=5}}</ref>|group="nb"}} Flambard was loathed by the English for exacting harsh taxes. Although he is the first recorded prisoner held in the Tower, he was also the first person to escape from it, using a smuggled rope secreted in a butt of wine. He was held in luxury and permitted servants, but on 2 February 1101 he hosted a banquet for his captors. After plying them with drink, when no one was looking he lowered himself from a secluded chamber, and out of the Tower. The escape came as such a surprise that one contemporary chronicler accused the bishop of witchcraft.<ref>{{harvnb|Wilson|1998|pp=5β6}}</ref> The ''[[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle]]'' records that in 1097 King [[William II of England|William II]] ordered a wall to be built around the Tower of London; it was probably built from stone and likely replaced the timber palisade that arced around the north and west sides of the castle, between the [[London Wall|Roman wall]] (to the east) and the Thames (to the south).<ref>{{harvnb|Allen Brown|Curnow|1984|pp=12β13}}</ref> The Norman Conquest of London manifested itself not only with a new ruling class, but in the way the city was structured. Land was confiscated and redistributed amongst the Normans, who also brought over hundreds of Jews, for financial reasons.<ref name="Parnell 1993 54" /> The Jews arrived under the direct protection of the Crown, as a result of which Jewish communities were often found close to castles.<ref>{{harvnb|Creighton|2002|p=147}}</ref> The Jews used the Tower as a retreat, when threatened by anti-Jewish violence.<ref name="Parnell 1993 54" /> The death in 1135 of [[Henry I of England|Henry I]] left England with a disputed succession; although the king had persuaded his most powerful barons to swear support for the [[Empress Matilda]], just a few days after Henry's death [[Stephen of England|Stephen of Blois]] arrived from France to lay claim to the throne. The importance of the city and its Tower is marked by the speed at which he secured London. The castle, which had not been used as a royal residence for some time, was usually left in the charge of a [[Constable of the Tower|Constable]], a post held at this time by [[Geoffrey de Mandeville, 1st Earl of Essex|Geoffrey de Mandeville]]. As the Tower was considered an impregnable fortress in a strategically important position, possession was highly valued. Mandeville exploited this, selling his allegiance to Matilda after Stephen was captured in 1141 at the [[First Battle of Lincoln|Battle of Lincoln]]. Once her support waned, the following year he resold his loyalty to Stephen. Through his role as Constable of the Tower, Mandeville became "the richest and most powerful man in England".<ref name="Wilson 6-9">{{harvnb|Wilson|1998|pp=6β9}}</ref> When he tried the same ploy again, this time holding secret talks with Matilda, Stephen had him arrested, forced him to cede control of his castles, and replaced him with one of his most loyal supporters. Until then the position had been hereditary, originally held by [[Geoffrey de Mandeville (11th century)|Geoffrey de Mandeville]], but the position's authority was such that from then on it remained in the hands of an appointee of the monarch. The position was usually given to someone of great importance, who might not always be at the castle due to other duties. Although the Constable was still responsible for maintaining the castle and its garrison, from an early stage he had a subordinate to help with this duty: the Lieutenant of the Tower.<ref name="Wilson 6-9" /> Constables also had civic duties relating to the city. Usually they were given control of the city and were responsible for levying taxes, enforcing the law and maintaining order. The creation in 1191 of the position of [[Lord Mayor of London]] removed many of the Constable's civic powers, and at times led to friction between the two.<ref>{{harvnb|Wilson|1998|pp=14β15}}</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see Christianpedia:Copyrights for details). Do not submit copyrighted work without permission! Cancel Editing help (opens in new window) Discuss this page