South Africa

===Boer Wars===
{{main|Boer Wars|First Boer War|Second Boer War}}
[[File:Battle of Majuba Hill.jpg|thumb|The [[Battle of Majuba Hill]] was the last decisive battle during the [[First Boer War]], and saw the British defeated by the Boers after 2 hours of fighting.]]
[[File:Boercamp1.jpg|thumb|Boer women and children in a [[Second Boer War concentration camps|British concentration camp]] during the [[Second Boer War]].]]
The Boer republics successfully resisted British encroachments during the [[First Boer War]] (1880–1881) using [[guerrilla warfare]] tactics, which were well-suited to local conditions. The British returned with greater numbers, more experience, and new strategy in the [[Second Boer War]] (1899–1902) and, although they suffered heavy casualties through [[Attrition warfare|attrition]], they were ultimately successful. Over 27,000 Boer women and children died in the [[Second Boer War concentration camps|British concentration camps]].<ref>{{cite news|title=5 of the worst atrocities carried out by the British Empire|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/worst-atrocities-british-empire-amritsar-boer-war-concentration-camp-mau-mau-a6821756.html|work=The Independent|date=19 January 2016|access-date=22 September 2019|archive-date=27 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927142647/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/worst-atrocities-british-empire-amritsar-boer-war-concentration-camp-mau-mau-a6821756.html|url-status=live }}</ref>

South Africa's urban population grew rapidly from the end of the 19th century onward. After the devastation of the wars, Dutch-descendant Boer farmers fled into cities from the devastated [[Transvaal Colony|Transvaal]] and Orange Free State territories to become the class of the white urban poor.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Ogura|first=Mitsuo|date=1996|title=Urbanization and Apartheid in South Africa: Influx Controls and Their Abolition|journal=The Developing Economies|language=en|volume=34|issue=4|pages=402–423|doi=10.1111/j.1746-1049.1996.tb01178.x|pmid=12292280|issn=1746-1049|doi-access=free}}</ref>