Reverse osmosis

=== Food industry ===
Reverse osmosis is a more economical way to concentrate liquids (such as fruit juices) than conventional heat-treatment. Concentration of orange and tomato juice has advantages including a lower operating cost and the ability to avoid heat-treatment, which makes it suitable for heat-sensitive substances such as [[protein]] and [[enzyme]]s.

RO is used in the dairy industry to produce [[whey protein]] powders and concentrate milk. The [[whey]] (liquid remaining after cheese manufacture) is concentrated with RO from 6% solids to 10–20% solids before [[ultrafiltration]] processing. The retentate can then be used to make whey powders, including [[whey protein isolate]]. Additionally, the permeate, which contains [[lactose]], is concentrated by RO from 5% solids to 18–total solids to reduce crystallization and drying costs.

Although RO was once avoided in the wine industry, it is now widespread. An estimated 60 RO machines were in use in [[Bordeaux]], France, in 2002. Known users include many of elite firms, such as [[Château Léoville-Las Cases]].