Restorationism

===American Stone-Campbell Restoration Movement===
{{Main|Restoration Movement}}
[[File:CampbellThomas.png|thumb|100px|left|Thomas Campbell]]
The American Restoration Movement aimed to restore the church and sought "the unification of all Christians in a single body patterned after the church of the New Testament."<ref name="I Just Want to Be a Christian">[[Rubel Shelly]], ''I Just Want to Be a Christian'', 20th Century Christian, Nashville, Tennessee 1984, {{ISBN|0-89098-021-7}}</ref>{{Rp|54}} While the Restoration Movement developed from several independent efforts to go back to apostolic Christianity, two groups that independently developed similar approaches to the Christian faith were particularly important to its development.<ref name="Redigging the Wells">Monroe E. Hawley, ''Redigging the Wells: Seeking Undenominational Christianity'', Quality Publications, Abilene, Texas,  1976, {{ISBN|0-89137-512-0}} (paper), {{ISBN|0-89137-513-9}} (cloth)</ref>{{Rp|27–32}}  The first, led by [[Barton W. Stone]] began at [[Cane Ridge]], Bourbon County, Kentucky and called themselves simply ''Christians''.  The second began in western Pennsylvania and Virginia (now West Virginia) and was led by [[Thomas Campbell (clergyman)|Thomas Campbell]] and his son, [[Alexander Campbell (clergyman)|Alexander Campbell]]; they used the name ''Disciples of Christ''.
[[File:stonebw01.jpg|thumb|100px|right|Barton W. Stone]]
The Campbell movement was characterized by a "systematic and rational reconstruction" of the early church, in contrast to the Stone movement which was characterized by radical freedom and lack of dogma.<ref name="Allen & Hughes 1988"/>{{Rp|106–108}}  Despite their differences, the two movements agreed on several critical issues.<ref name="Allen & Hughes 1988"/>{{Rp|108}} Both saw restoring apostolic Christianity as a means of hastening the millennium.<ref name="Allen & Hughes 1988"/>{{Rp|108}}  Both also saw restoring the early church as a route to Christian freedom.<ref name="Allen & Hughes 1988"/>{{Rp|108}} And, both believed that unity among Christians could be achieved by using apostolic Christianity as a model.<ref name="Allen & Hughes 1988"/>{{Rp|108}}  They were united, among other things, in the belief that [[Jesus]] is the Christ, the Son of God; that Christians should celebrate the [[Eucharist|Lord's Supper]] on the [[Sunday|first day of each week]]; and that [[Believer's baptism|baptism of adult believers]] by immersion in water is a necessary condition for [[salvation]]. Because the founders wanted to abandon all denominational labels, they used the biblical names for the followers of Jesus that they found in the Bible.<ref name="McAlister & Tucker, 1975">McAlister, Lester G. and Tucker, William E. (1975), Journey in Faith: A History of the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) - St. Louis, Chalice Press, {{ISBN|978-0-8272-1703-4}}</ref>{{Rp|27}}  The commitment of both movements to restoring the early church and to uniting Christians was enough to motivate a union between many in the two movements.<ref name="Hughes and Roberts, 2001">Richard Thomas Hughes and R. L. Roberts, ''The Churches of Christ'', 2nd Edition, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001, {{ISBN|0-313-23312-8}}, 9780313233128, 345 pages</ref>{{Rp|8,9}}

With the merger, there was the challenge of what to call the new movement.  Clearly, finding a biblical, non-sectarian name was important. Stone wanted to continue to use the name "Christians." Alexander Campbell insisted upon "Disciples of Christ". As a result, both names were used.<ref name="McAlister & Tucker, 1975"/>{{Rp|27–28}}<ref name="Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Alexander Campbell">Douglas Allen Foster and Anthony L. Dunnavant, ''The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Christian Churches/Churches of Christ, Churches of Christ'', Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2004, {{ISBN|0-8028-3898-7}}, 9780802838988, 854 pages, entry on ''Campbell, Alexander''</ref>{{Rp|125}}
[[File:Alexander Campbell Age 65.jpg|thumb|100px|left|Alexander Campbell]]
The Restoration Movement began during, and was greatly influenced by, the Second Great Awakening.<ref name="Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Great Awakenings">Douglas Allen Foster and Anthony L. Dunnavant, ''The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Christian Churches/Churches of Christ, Churches of Christ'', Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2004, {{ISBN|0-8028-3898-7}}, 9780802838988, 854 pages, entry on ''Great Awakenings''</ref>{{Rp|368}} While the Campbells resisted what they saw as the spiritual manipulation of the camp meetings, the Southern phase of the Awakening "was an important matrix of Barton Stone's reform movement" and shaped the evangelistic techniques used by both Stone and the Campbells.<ref name="Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Great Awakenings"/>{{Rp|368}}

The Restoration Movement has seen several divisions, resulting in multiple separate groups.  Three modern groups originating in the [[United States|U.S.]] claim the Stone-Campbell movement as their roots: [[Churches of Christ]], [[Christian churches and churches of Christ]], and the [[Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)]].  Some see divisions in the movement as the result of the tension between the goals of restoration and ecumenism, with the [[churches of Christ]] and the [[Christian churches and churches of Christ]] resolving the tension by stressing restoration while the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) resolved the tension by stressing ecumenism.<ref name="Garrett 2002">Leroy Garrett, ''The Stone-Campbell Movement: The Story of the American Restoration Movement'', College Press, 2002, {{ISBN|0-89900-909-3}}, 9780899009094, 573 pages</ref>{{Rp|383}}  Non-U.S. churches associated with this movement include the [[Churches of Christ in Australia]] and the [[Evangelical Christian Church in Canada]].<ref>Sydney E. Ahlstrom, ''A Religious History of the American People'' (2004)</ref><ref name="Melton 2009">Melton's Encyclopedia of American Religions (2009)</ref>