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PreviewAdvancedSpecial charactersHelpHeadingLevel 2Level 3Level 4Level 5FormatInsertLatinLatin extendedIPASymbolsGreekGreek extendedCyrillicArabicArabic extendedHebrewBanglaTamilTeluguSinhalaDevanagariGujaratiThaiLaoKhmerCanadian AboriginalRunesÁáÀàÂâÄäÃãǍǎĀāĂ㥹ÅåĆćĈĉÇçČčĊċĐđĎďÉéÈèÊêËëĚěĒēĔĕĖėĘęĜĝĢģĞğĠġĤĥĦħÍíÌìÎîÏïĨĩǏǐĪīĬĭİıĮįĴĵĶķĹĺĻļĽľŁłŃńÑñŅņŇňÓóÒòÔôÖöÕõǑǒŌōŎŏǪǫŐőŔŕŖŗŘřŚśŜŝŞşŠšȘșȚțŤťÚúÙùÛûÜüŨũŮůǓǔŪūǖǘǚǜŬŭŲųŰűŴŵÝýŶŷŸÿȲȳŹźŽžŻżÆæǢǣØøŒœßÐðÞþƏəFormattingLinksHeadingsListsFilesDiscussionReferencesDescriptionWhat you typeWhat you getItalic''Italic text''Italic textBold'''Bold text'''Bold textBold & italic'''''Bold & italic text'''''Bold & italic textDescriptionWhat you typeWhat you getReferencePage text.<ref>[https://www.example.org/ Link text], additional text.</ref>Page text.[1]Named referencePage text.<ref name="test">[https://www.example.org/ Link text]</ref>Page text.[2]Additional use of the same referencePage text.<ref name="test" />Page text.[2]Display references<references />↑ Link text, additional text.↑ Link text=== Circulation of information and ideas === {{See also|The Gutenberg Galaxy}} [[File:Printing3 Walk of Ideas Berlin.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Walk of Ideas|"Modern Book Printing" sculpture]], commemorating Gutenberg's invention on the occasion of the [[2006 World Cup]] in Germany]] The printing press was also a factor in the establishment of a community of [[scientists]] who could easily communicate their discoveries through the establishment of widely disseminated scholarly journals, helping to bring on the [[scientific revolution]].{{sfn|Eisenstein|1980}}{{pn|date=August 2023}} Because of the printing press, [[author]]ship became more meaningful and profitable. It was suddenly important who had said or written what, and what the precise formulation and time of composition was. This allowed the exact citing of references, producing the rule, "One Author, one work (title), one piece of information" (Giesecke, 1989; 325). Before, the author was less important, since a copy of [[Aristotle]] made in Paris would not be exactly identical to one made in Bologna. For many works prior to the printing press, the name of the author has been entirely lost.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} Because the printing process ensured that the same information fell on the same pages, page numbering, [[Table of contents|tables of contents]], and [[Index (publishing)|indices]] became common, though they previously had not been unknown.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} The process of reading also changed, gradually moving over several centuries from oral readings to silent, private reading.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} Over the next 200 years, the wider availability of printed materials led to a dramatic rise in the adult literacy rate throughout Europe.<ref>Peck, Josh. "The State of Publishing: Literacy Rates." ''McSweeney's Internet Tendency''. McSweeney, 5 July 2011. Web. 28 August 2014.</ref> The printing press was an important step towards the [[democratization of knowledge]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/business/google-s-total-library-putting-the-world-s-books-on-the-web-a-473529.html|title=Google's Total Library: Putting The World's Books On The Web|first=Malte Herwig, DER|last=SPIEGEL|newspaper=Der Spiegel|date=28 March 2007|access-date=11 February 2021|archive-date=28 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120128001828/http://www.spiegel.de/international/business/0,1518,473529-2,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ojr.org/ojr/technology/1057780670.php|title=Howard Rheingold, "Moblogs Seen as a Crystal Ball for a New Era in Online Journalism", ''Online Journalism Review''|date=9 August 2003<!--manual addition from archive-url -- orig-date-given=July 9, 2009-->|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014065536/http://www.ojr.org/ojr/technology/1057780670.php|archive-date=14 October 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Within 50 or 60 years of the invention of the printing press, the entire [[Classics|classical canon]] had been reprinted and widely promulgated throughout Europe (Eisenstein, 1969; 52). More people had access to knowledge both new and old, more people could discuss these works. Book production became more commercialised, and the first [[copyright]] laws were passed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.arl.org/focus-areas/copyright-ip/2486-copyright-timeline#.Wl1E7ainHIU|title=Copyright Timeline: A History of Copyright in the United States {{!}} Association of Research Libraries® {{!}} ARL®|last=Eshgh|first=Amy|website=www.arl.org|language=en-gb|access-date=2018-01-16}}</ref> On the other hand, the printing press was criticized for allowing the dissemination of information that may have been incorrect.<ref name="CrickWalsham2004">{{cite book|author1=Julia C. Crick|author2=Alexandra Walsham|title=The uses of script and print, 1300–1700|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m8005wHw-KsC|access-date=25 March 2011|year=2004|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-81063-0|page=20}}</ref><ref name="Bilton2010">{{cite book|author=Nick Bilton|title=I Live in the Future & Here's How It Works: Why Your World, Work, and Brain Are Being Creatively Disrupted|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9VXRLlTDNrUC&pg=PA53|access-date=25 March 2011|date=14 September 2010|publisher=Random House Digital, Inc.|isbn=978-0-307-59111-1|page=53}}</ref> A second outgrowth of this popularization of knowledge was the decline of Latin as the language of most published works, to be replaced by the vernacular language of each area, increasing the variety of published works. The printed word also helped to unify and standardize the spelling and syntax of these vernaculars, in effect 'decreasing' their variability. This rise in importance of national languages as opposed to pan-European Latin is cited{{Who|date=March 2015}} as one of the causes of the rise of [[nationalism]] in Europe. A third consequence of popularization of printing was on the economy. The printing press was associated with higher levels of city growth.<ref name="Dittmar2011">{{cite news|author1=Jeremiah Dittmar|title=Information technology and economic change: The impact of the printing press|url=http://voxeu.org/article/information-technology-and-economic-change-impact-printing-press|access-date=3 August 2017|publisher=VoxEU}}</ref> The publication of trade-related manuals and books teaching techniques like [[double-entry bookkeeping]] increased the reliability of trade and led to the decline of merchant guilds and the rise of individual traders.<ref name="Raj2017">{{cite news|author1=Prateek Raj|title=How the Postal System and the Printing Press Transformed European Markets|url=http://evonomics.com/europe-markets-guilds-merchants-declined/|access-date=3 August 2017|publisher=Evonomics}}</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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