Jaffa

====Crusader/Ayyubid period====
Jaffa was captured in June 1099 during the [[First Crusade]], and was the centre of the [[County of Jaffa and Ascalon]], one of the [[vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem]]. One of its counts, [[John of Ibelin (jurist)|John of Ibelin]], wrote the principal book of the [[Assizes of Jerusalem|Assizes]] of the [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2018}}

[[Saladin]] conquered Jaffa in 1187. The city surrendered to [[Richard I of England|King Richard the Lionheart]] on 10 September 1191, three days after the [[Battle of Arsuf]]. Despite efforts by Saladin to reoccupy the city in the July 1192 [[Battle of Jaffa (1192)|Battle of Jaffa]], the city remained in the hands of the Crusaders. On 2 September 1192, the [[Treaty of Jaffa (1192)|Treaty of Jaffa]] was formally signed, guaranteeing a three-year truce between the two armies.

In 1229, [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]] signed a ten-year truce in a new [[Treaty of Jaffa (1229)|Treaty of Jaffa]]. He fortified the castle of Jaffa and had two inscriptions carved into city wall, one Latin and the other Arabic. The inscription, deciphered in 2011, describes him as the "Holy Roman Emperor" and bears the date "1229 of the Incarnation of our Lord Jesus the Messiah."<ref>{{citation |url= http://news.discovery.com/history/inscription-crusader-king-frederick-111115.html |title= First Arabic Crusader Inscription Found |first= Rossella |last= Lorenzi |date= 15 November 2011 |publisher= Discovery News |access-date= 23 November 2011 |archive-date= 1 May 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120501200524/http://news.discovery.com/history/inscription-crusader-king-frederick-111115.html |url-status= dead }}</ref>
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