Houston

===Architecture===
{{Main|Architecture of Houston}}
{{See also|List of tallest buildings in Houston}}
Houston had the fifth-tallest skyline in North America (after New York City, [[Chicago]], [[Toronto]] and [[Miami]]) and 36th-tallest in the world in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tudl0867.home.xs4all.nl/skylines.html |title=The World's Best Skylines |website=tudl0867.home.xs4all.nl |access-date=October 21, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307023152/http://tudl0867.home.xs4all.nl/skylines.html |archive-date=March 7, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> A seven-mile (11&nbsp;km) [[Houston Downtown Tunnel System|system of tunnels and skywalks]] links Downtown buildings containing shops and restaurants, enabling pedestrians to avoid summer heat and rain while walking between buildings. In the 1960s, [[Downtown Houston]] consisted of a collection of mid-rise office structures. Downtown was on the threshold of an energy industry{{ndash}}led boom in 1970. A succession of skyscrapers was built throughout the 1970s—many by real estate developer [[Gerald D. Hines]]—culminating with Houston's tallest skyscraper, the 75-floor, {{convert|1002|ft|m|0|adj=on}}-tall [[JPMorgan Chase Tower (Houston)|JPMorgan Chase Tower]] (formerly the Texas Commerce Tower), completed in 1982. It is the tallest structure in Texas, [[List of tallest buildings in the United States|19th tallest]] building in the United States, and was previously [[List of tallest buildings in the world|85th-tallest]] skyscraper in the world, based on highest architectural feature. In 1983, the 71-floor, {{convert|992|ft|m|0|adj=on}}-tall [[Wells Fargo Plaza (Houston)|Wells Fargo Plaza]] (formerly Allied Bank Plaza) was completed, becoming the second-tallest building in Houston and Texas. Based on highest architectural feature, it is the 21st-tallest in the United States. In 2007, Downtown had over 43 million square feet (4,000,000 m<sup>2</sup>) of office space.<ref>[http://www.houstondowntown.com/Home/GeneralInfo/About/FastFacts1/ Fast Facts, Downtown Houston] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091205170813/http://www.houstondowntown.com/Home/GeneralInfo/About/FastFacts1/ |date=December 5, 2009 }}. ''Houstondowntown.com'' 2006. Retrieved on January 10, 2007.</ref>

Centered on Post Oak Boulevard and Westheimer Road, the [[Uptown Houston|Uptown District]] boomed during the 1970s and early 1980s when a collection of midrise office buildings, hotels, and retail developments appeared along Interstate 610 West. Uptown became one of the most prominent instances of an [[edge city]]. The tallest building in Uptown is the 64-floor, {{convert|901|ft|m|0|adj=on}}-tall, [[Philip Johnson]] and [[John Burgee]] designed landmark [[Williams Tower]] (known as the Transco Tower until 1999). At the time of construction, it was believed to be the world's tallest skyscraper outside a central business district. The new 20-story Skanska building<ref>{{cite web |url=http://texas.construction.com/texas_construction_projects/2013/0904-houstons-galleria-area-gets-first-new-office-building-in-30-years.asp |title=Reports |date=February 8, 2017 |access-date=February 24, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228094113/http://texas.construction.com/texas_construction_projects/2013/0904-houstons-galleria-area-gets-first-new-office-building-in-30-years.asp |archive-date=February 28, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> and BBVA Compass Plaza<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blog.chron.com/primeproperty/2013/06/bbva-compass-plaza-opens-new-building-on-post-oak/#13191101=0 |title=BBVA Compass Plaza opens new building on Post Oak |work=Prime Property |date=June 13, 2013 |access-date=September 15, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912023711/http://blog.chron.com/primeproperty/2013/06/bbva-compass-plaza-opens-new-building-on-post-oak/#13191101=0 |archive-date=September 12, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> are the newest office buildings built in Uptown after 30 years. The Uptown District is also home to buildings designed by noted architects [[I. M. Pei]], [[César Pelli]], and Philip Johnson. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, a mini-boom of midrise and highrise [[Tower block|residential tower]] construction occurred, with several over 30 stories tall.<ref>[http://www.uptown-houston.com/economic/market/residential.html Residential Real Estate]. ''Uptown-houston.com'' Retrieved on January 11, 2007. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201213217/http://www.uptown-houston.com/economic/market/residential.html |date=February 1, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Sarnoff |first=Nancy |title=Genesis Laying Down Plans for Newest Uptown Condo Highrise |work=Houston Business Journal |date=December 14, 2001 |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/houston/stories/2001/12/17/newscolumn3.html |access-date=February 7, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080311044243/http://www.bizjournals.com/houston/stories/2001/12/17/newscolumn3.html |archive-date=March 11, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Apte |first=Angela |title=Rising Land Costs Boost Houston's Mid-Rise Market |work=Houston Business Journal |date=October 26, 2001 |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/houston/stories/2001/10/29/focus1.html |access-date=January 11, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070526002919/http://www.bizjournals.com/houston/stories/2001/10/29/focus1.html |archive-date=May 26, 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref> Since 2000 over 30 skyscrapers have been developed in Houston; all told, 72 high-rises tower over the city, which adds up to about 8,300 units.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.houstoniamag.com/home-and-design/design/articles/living-the-high-life-september-2013 |website=HoustoniaMag.com |publisher=HoustoniaMag |access-date=September 10, 2014 |title=Living the High Life. Earthbound Houstonians consider something uplifting. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910195216/http://www.houstoniamag.com/home-and-design/design/articles/living-the-high-life-september-2013 |archive-date=September 10, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2002, Uptown had more than 23 million square feet (2,100,000 m<sup>2</sup>) of office space with 16&nbsp;million square feet (1,500,000 m<sup>2</sup>) of [[class A office space]].<ref>[http://www.uptown-houston.com/economic/market/office.html Commercial Real Estate]. ''Uptown-houston.com'' Retrieved on January 10, 2007. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201200302/http://www.uptown-houston.com/economic/market/office.html |date=February 1, 2015 }}</ref><gallery class="center" widths="170" heights="170">
File:Neils-Esperson Building Houston Texas.jpg|The Niels Esperson Building stood as the tallest building in Houston from 1927 to 1929.
File:JP Morgan Chase Tower in Houston - Dec 2013.JPG|The [[JPMorgan Chase Tower (Houston)|JPMorgan Chase Tower]] is the tallest building in Texas and the tallest 5-sided building in the world.
File:Williamstower.jpg|The [[Williams Tower]] is the tallest building in the US outside a central business district.
File:Bank of America Center Houston 1.jpg|The [[Bank of America Center (Houston)|Bank of America Center]] by [[Philip Johnson]] is an example of [[postmodern architecture]].
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