Hillary Clinton

===Later Arkansas years===
[[File:President Ronald Reagan and Nancy Reagan with Bill Clinton and Hillary Clinton walking in the Cross Hall.jpg|thumb|alt=The Clintons and the Reagans walking a red carpet|The Clintons with [[Ronald Reagan|Ronald]] and [[Nancy Reagan|Nancy]] Reagan in 1987]]

Two years after leaving office, Bill Clinton returned to the governorship of Arkansas after winning [[1982 Arkansas gubernatorial election|the election of 1982]]. During her husband's campaign, Hillary began to use the name "Hillary Clinton", or sometimes "Mrs. Bill Clinton", to assuage the concerns of Arkansas voters; she also took a [[leave of absence]] from Rose Law to campaign for him full-time.{{sfn|Bernstein|2007|p=166}} During her second stint as the first lady of Arkansas, she made a point of using Hillary Rodham Clinton as her name.{{efn|name=ex04|As of 1993, she had not legally changed her name from Hillary Rodham.<ref name="nyt-name-93">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/02/14/us/again-it-s-hillary-rodham-clinton-got-that.html |title=Again: It's Hillary Rodham Clinton. Got That? |author=Kelly, Michael |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=February 14, 1993}}</ref> Bill Clinton's advisers thought her use of her maiden name to be one of the reasons for his 1980 gubernatorial re-election loss. During the following winter, [[Vernon Jordan]] suggested to Hillary Rodham that she start using the name Clinton, and she began to do so publicly with her husband's February 1982 campaign announcement to regain that office. She later wrote, "I learned the hard way that some voters in Arkansas were seriously offended by the fact that I kept my maiden name."<ref>Clinton 2003, pp.&nbsp;91–93; Morris 1996, p.&nbsp;282.</ref> Once he was elected again, she made a point of using "Hillary Rodham Clinton" in work she did as First Lady of the state.<ref name="pol-edu-83">{{cite news |url=http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/04/hillary-clinton-2016-arkansas-116939 |title=The long, hot summer Hillary Clinton became a politician |author=Kruse, Michael |work=[[Politico]] |date=April 14, 2015}}</ref> Once she became first lady of the United States in 1993, she publicly stated that she wanted to be known as "Hillary Rodham Clinton".<ref name="nyt-name-93"/> She has authored all her books under that name. She continued to use that name on her website and elsewhere once she was a U.S. senator.<ref name="bg-name-07"/> When she ran for president during 2007–08, she used the name "Hillary Clinton" or just "Hillary" in campaign materials.<ref name="bg-name-07">{{cite news |url=https://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/02/26/name_changes_define_clintons_various_career_stages/ |title=Name changes define Clinton's various career stages |author=Williams, Joseph |newspaper=[[Boston Globe]] |date=February 26, 2007}}</ref> She used "Hillary Rodham Clinton" again in official materials as secretary of state.<ref name="npr-name-15"/> As of the 2015 launch of her second presidential campaign, she again switched to using "Hillary Clinton" in campaign materials;<ref name="npr-name-15">{{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/itsallpolitics/2015/04/13/399233906/hillary-clinton-is-back-but-will-there-be-a-return-of-the-rodham |title='Hillary Clinton' Is Back, But Will There Be A Return of the Rodham? |author=Elving, Ron |publisher=[[NPR]] |date=April 13, 2015}}</ref> in November 2015 both the [[Associated Press]] and ''The New York Times'' noted that they would no longer use "Rodham" in referring to Clinton, with the ''Times'' stating that "the Clinton campaign confirmed&nbsp;... that Mrs. Clinton prefers to be simply, 'Hillary Clinton{{'"}}.<ref>{{cite news |first=Lauren |last=Easton |url=https://blog.ap.org/announcements/updating-ap-style-on-hillary-clinton |title=Updating AP style on Hillary Clinton |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=November 30, 2015}}; {{cite news |first=Amy |last=Chozick |url=https://www.nytimes.com/politics/first-draft/2015/11/30/times-drops-rodham-in-referring-to-hillary-clinton/ |title=Times Drops 'Rodham' in Referring to Hillary Clinton |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=November 30, 2015}}</ref>}}

Clinton became involved in state education policy. She was named chair of the Arkansas Education Standards Committee in 1983, where worked to reform the state's public education system.<ref name="bernstein-170">Bernstein 2007, pp.&nbsp;170–75. Bernstein states that "the political battle for education reform&nbsp;... would be her greatest accomplishment in public life until she was elected to the U.S. Senate."</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Hillary Clinton Guides Movement to Change Public Education in Arkansas |url=http://www.oldstatehouse.com/collections/classroom/arkansas_news.aspx?issue=29&page=1&detail=528 |date=Spring 1993 |publisher=[[Old State House (Little Rock)|Old State House Museum]] |access-date=April 16, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416183519/http://www.oldstatehouse.com/collections/classroom/arkansas_news.aspx?issue=29&page=1&detail=528 |archive-date=April 16, 2014}}</ref> In one of the Clinton governorship's most important initiatives, she fought a prolonged but ultimately successful battle against the [[Arkansas Education Association]] to establish mandatory teacher testing and state standards for curriculum and classroom size.<ref name="nyt012093mk"/><ref name="bernstein-170"/> In 1985, she introduced Arkansas's Home Instruction Program for Preschool Youth, a program that helps parents work with their children in preschool preparedness and literacy.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Kearney, Janis F. |title=Conversations: William Jefferson Clinton, from Hope to Harlem |publisher=Writing Our World Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-9762058-1-4}} p.&nbsp;295.</ref>

Clinton continued to practice law with the Rose Law Firm while she was the first lady of Arkansas.{{sfn|Gerth|Van Natta|2007|p=63}}<ref name="nyt022694">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/26/us/rose-law-firm-arkansas-power-slips-as-it-steps-onto-a-bigger-stage.html |title=Rose Law Firm, Arkansas Power, Slips as It Steps Onto a Bigger Stage |work=[[The New York Times]] |author=Labaton, Stephen |date=February 26, 1994}}</ref> The firm considered her a "[[Rainmaker (business)|rainmaker]]" because she brought in clients, partly thanks to the prestige she lent it and to her corporate board connections. She was also very influential in the appointment of state judges.<ref name="nyt022694"/> Bill Clinton's Republican opponent in his 1986 gubernatorial reelection campaign accused the Clintons of conflict of interest because Rose Law did state business; the Clintons countered the charge by saying that state fees were walled off by the firm before her profits were calculated.{{sfn|Gerth|Van Natta|2007|pp=80–81}} Clinton was twice named by ''[[The National Law Journal]]'' as one of the 100 most influential lawyers in America—in 1988 and 1991.{{sfn|Gerth|Van Natta|2007|pp=87–88}} When Bill Clinton thought about not running again for governor in 1990, Hillary Clinton considered running. Private polls were unfavorable, however, and in the end he ran and was reelected for the final time.{{sfnm |1a1=Bernstein |1y=2007 |1pp=187–89 |2a1=Gerth |2a2=Van Natta |2y=2007 |2p=85}}

From 1982 to 1988, Clinton was on the board of directors, sometimes as chair, of the [[New World Foundation]],<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://fair.org/press-release/limbaugh-responds-to-fair/ |title=Limbaugh Responds to FAIR |publisher=[[Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting|FAIR]] |date=June 28, 1994 |access-date=May 9, 2008}}</ref> which funded a variety of [[New Left]] [[interest group]]s.<ref>Troy 2006, p.&nbsp;29.</ref> Clinton was chairman of the board of the Children's Defense Fund<ref name = "Whitehouse.gov"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.childrensdefense.org/site/PageNavigator/People_Board_Emeritus |title=Board of Directors Emeritus |publisher=[[Children's Defense Fund]] |access-date=May 31, 2007 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20061012030015/http://www.childrensdefense.org/site/PageNavigator/People_Board_Emeritus |archive-date=October 12, 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and on the board of the [[Arkansas Children's Hospital]]'s Legal Services (1988–92)<ref name="findlaw">{{cite web |url=http://pview.findlaw.com/view/1708556_1 |title=Hon. Hillary Rodham Clinton |work=[[FindLaw]] |access-date=May 31, 2007}}</ref> In addition to her positions with nonprofit organizations, she also held positions on the corporate board of directors of [[TCBY]] (1985–92),<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://projects.washingtonpost.com/2008-presidential-candidates/hillary-clinton/ |title=Hillary Rodham Clinton |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=May 30, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612140914/http://projects.washingtonpost.com/2008-presidential-candidates/hillary-clinton/ |archive-date=June 12, 2007}} Bio entry.</ref> [[Walmart|Wal-Mart Stores]] (1986–92)<ref name="vv052400">{{cite news |title=Wal-Mart's First Lady |url=http://www.villagevoice.com/2000-05-23/news/wal-mart-s-first-lady/ |author=Harkavy, Ward |date=May 24, 2000 |work=[[The Village Voice]]}}</ref> and [[Lafarge (company)|Lafarge]] (1990–92).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vermonters to Hillary: Don't Tread on Us |url=http://www.sevendaysvt.com/vermont/vermonters-to-hillary-dont-tread-on-us/Content?oid=2128540 |author=Picard, Ken |date=May 4, 2005 |work=[[Seven Days (newspaper)|Seven Days]]}}</ref> TCBY and Wal-Mart were Arkansas-based companies that were also clients of Rose Law.<ref name="nyt022694"/><ref name="nyt052007"/> Clinton was the first female member on Wal-Mart's board, added following pressure on chairman [[Sam Walton]] to name a woman to it.<ref name="nyt052007">{{Cite news |title=As a Director, Clinton Moved Wal-Mart Board, but Only So Far |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/20/us/politics/20walmart.html |author=Barbaro, Michael |date=May 20, 2007 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Once there, she pushed successfully for Wal-Mart to adopt more environmentally friendly practices. She was largely unsuccessful in her campaign for more women to be added to the company's management and was silent about the company's famously anti-labor union practices.<ref name="vv052400"/><ref name="nyt052007"/><ref name="abc013108">{{Cite news |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/Story?id=4218509 |title=Clinton Remained Silent As Wal-Mart Fought Unions |author=Ross, Brian |author-link=Brian Ross (journalist) |author2=Sauer, Maddy |author3=Schwartz, Rhonda |work=[[ABC News]] |date=January 31, 2008}}</ref> According to Dan Kaufman, awareness of this later became a factor in her loss of credibility with organized labor, helping contribute to her loss in the 2016 election, where slightly less than half of union members voted for [[Donald Trump]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/2018/07/17/629718238/how-dark-money-gerrymandering-and-democratic-complacency-altered-wisconsin-polit |title=How Dark Money, Gerrymandering And Democratic Complacency Altered Wisconsin Politics |last=Davies |first=Dave |date=July 17, 2018 |newspaper=NPR.org |access-date=August 10, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/11/10/donald-trump-got-reagan-like-support-from-union-households/ |title=Donald Trump got Reagan-like support from union households |last=Bump |first=Philip |date=November 10, 2016 |newspaper=Washington Post |access-date=August 10, 2019}}</ref>