Heaven

=== Hebrew Bible ===
{{Main|Heaven in Judaism}}
As in other ancient Near Eastern cultures, in the Hebrew Bible, the universe is commonly divided into two realms: heaven (''šāmayim'') and earth (''’ereṣ'').{{sfn|Hundley|2015|page=452}} Sometimes a third realm is added: either "sea",<ref>''Bible'', {{bibleverse|Exodus|20:11}}, {{bibleverse|Genesis|1:10}}.</ref> "water under the earth",<ref>''Bible'', {{bibleverse|Exodus|20:4}}, {{bibleverse|Deuteronomy|5:8}}.</ref> or sometimes a vague "land of the dead" that is never described in depth.<ref>''Bible'', {{bibleverse|Job|26:5}}, {{bibleverse|Psalm|139:8}}, {{bibleverse|Amos|9:2}}.</ref>{{sfn|Hundley|2015|page=452}} The structure of heaven itself is not fully described in the Hebrew Bible,{{sfn|Hundley|2015|page=453}} but the fact that the Hebrew word ''šāmayim'' is plural has been interpreted by scholars as an indication that the ancient Israelites envisioned the heavens as having multiple layers, much like the ancient Mesopotamians.{{sfn|Hundley|2015|page=453}} This reading is also supported by the use of the phrase "heaven of heavens" in verses such as Deuteronomy 10:14,<ref>''Bible'', {{bibleverse|Deuteronomy|10:14}}.</ref> 1 Kings 8:27,<ref name="ReferenceA">''Bible'', {{bibleverse|1 Kings|8:27}}.</ref> and 2 Chronicles 2:6.<ref>''Bible'', {{bibleverse|2 Chronicles|2:6}} and {{bibleverse-nb|2 Chronicles|6:18}}.</ref>{{sfn|Hundley|2015|page=453}}

In line with the typical view of most Near Eastern cultures, the Hebrew Bible depicts Heaven as a place that is inaccessible to humans.{{sfn|Hundley|2015|pages=452–453}} Although some prophets are occasionally granted temporary visionary access to heaven, such as in 1 Kings 22:19–23,<ref>''Bible'', {{bibleverse|1 Kings|22:19–23}}.</ref> Job 1:6–12<ref>''Bible'', {{bibleverse|Job|1:6–12}}.</ref> and 2:1–6,<ref>''Bible'', {{bibleverse-nb|Job|2:1–6}}.</ref> and Isaiah 6,<ref>''Bible'', {{bibleverse|Isaiah|6}}.</ref> they hear only God's deliberations concerning the Earth and learn nothing of what Heaven is like.{{sfn|Hundley|2015|page=453}} There is almost no mention in the Hebrew Bible of Heaven as a possible afterlife destination for human beings, who are instead described as "resting" in [[Sheol]].<ref>''Bible'', {{bibleverse|Genesis|25:7–9}}, {{bibleverse|Deuteronomy|34:6}}, {{bibleverse|1 Kings|2:10}}.</ref>{{sfn|Hundley|2015|page=455}} The only two possible exceptions to this are [[Enoch (ancestor of Noah)|Enoch]], who is described in Genesis 5:24<ref>''Bible'', {{bibleverse|Genesis|5:24}}.</ref> as having been "taken" by God, and the prophet [[Elijah]], who is described in 2 Kings 2:11<ref>''Bible'', {{bibleverse|2 Kings|2:11}}.</ref> as having ascended to Heaven in a chariot of fire.{{sfn|Hundley|2015|page=453}} According to Michael B. Hundley, the text in both of these instances is ambiguous regarding the significance of the actions being described{{sfn|Hundley|2015|page=453}} and in neither of these cases does the text explain what happened to the subject afterwards.{{sfn|Hundley|2015|page=453}}

The [[Yahweh|God of the Israelites]] is described as ruling both Heaven and Earth.<ref>''Bible'', {{bibleverse|Genesis|14:19}}, {{bibleverse-nb|Genesis|22}}, {{bibleverse-nb|Genesis|24:3}}, {{bibleverse|Psalm|146:6}}.</ref>{{sfn|Hundley|2015|page=453}} Other passages, such as 1 Kings 8:27<ref name="ReferenceA"/> state that even the vastness of Heaven cannot contain God's majesty.{{sfn|Hundley|2015|page=453}} A number of passages throughout the Hebrew Bible indicate that Heaven and Earth will one day come to an end.<ref>''Bible'', {{bibleverse|Psalm|102:26–27}}, {{bibleverse|Isaiah|13:5}}, {{bibleverse-nb|Isaiah|14:26}}, {{bibleverse-nb|Isaiah|24:18}}, {{bibleverse-nb|Isaiah|51:6}}, {{bibleverse|Jeremiah|4:23–28}}, and {{bibleverse|Zephaniah|1:2–3}} and {{bibleverse-nb|Zephaniah|18}}.</ref>{{sfn|Hundley|2015|page=453}} This view is paralleled in other ancient Near Eastern cultures, which also regarded Heaven and Earth as vulnerable and subject to dissolution.{{sfn|Hundley|2015|page=453}} However, the Hebrew Bible differs from other ancient Near Eastern cultures in that it portrays the God of Israel as independent of creation and unthreatened by its potential destruction.{{sfn|Hundley|2015|page=453}} Because most of the Hebrew Bible concerns the God of Israel's relationship with his people, most of the events described in it take place on Earth, not in Heaven.{{sfn|Hundley|2015|pages=453–454}} The [[Deuteronomist|Deuteronomistic source]], [[Deuteronomistic History]], and [[Priestly source]] all portray the [[Temple in Jerusalem]] as the sole channel of communication between Earth and Heaven.{{sfn|Hundley|2015|page=454}}