Great Britain

===Roman and medieval period===
{{Main|Roman Britain|Medieval England|Medieval Scotland|Medieval Wales}}
[[File:Prima Europe tabula.jpg|thumb|alt=Ptolomy's historical map of Roman Britain|''Prima Europe tabula''. A copy of [[Ptolemy]]'s 2nd-century map of Roman Britain. See notes to image above.]]
The Romans conquered most of the island (up to [[Hadrian's Wall]] in northern England) and this became the [[Ancient Rome|Ancient Roman]] province of ''[[Roman Britain|Britannia]]''. In the course of the 500 years after the Roman Empire fell, the Britons of the south and east of the island were assimilated or displaced by [[Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain|invading]] [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] tribes ([[Angles (tribe)|Angles]], [[Saxons]], and [[Jutes]], often referred to collectively as [[Anglo-Saxons]]). At about the same time, [[Gaelic Ireland|Gaelic]] tribes from Ireland invaded the north-west, absorbing both the [[Picts]] and [[Britons (historical)|Britons]] of northern Britain, eventually forming the Kingdom of Scotland in the 9th century. The south-east of Scotland was colonised by the Angles and formed, until 1018, a part of the [[Kingdom of Northumbria]]. Ultimately, the population of south-east Britain came to be referred to as the [[English people]], so-named after the Angles.

Germanic speakers referred to Britons as ''Welsh''. This term came to be applied exclusively to the inhabitants of what is now Wales, but it also survives in names such as [[Wallace (surname)|Wallace]] and in the second syllable of [[Cornwall]]. ''[[Cymry]]'', a name the Britons used to describe themselves, is similarly restricted in modern Welsh to people from Wales, but also survives in English in the place name of [[Cumbria]]. The Britons living in the areas now known as Wales, Cumbria and Cornwall were not assimilated by the Germanic tribes, a fact reflected in the [[Celtic language-death in England|survival of Celtic languages]] in these areas into more recent times.<ref name="Ellis1974">{{cite book|last=Ellis|first=Peter Berresford| author-link = Peter Berresford Ellis|title=The Cornish language and its literature|year=1974|publisher= Routledge & Kegan Paul | location=London|isbn=978-0-7100-7928-2|page=20}}</ref> At the time of the [[Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain|Germanic invasion of southern Britain]], many Britons emigrated to the area now known as [[Brittany]], where [[Breton language|Breton]], a Celtic language closely related to Welsh and [[Cornish language|Cornish]] and descended from the language of the emigrants, is still spoken. In the 9th century, a series of Danish assaults on northern English kingdoms led to them coming under Danish control (an area known as the [[Danelaw]]). In the 10th century, however, all the English kingdoms were unified under one ruler as the kingdom of England when the last constituent kingdom, Northumbria, submitted to [[Edgar I|Edgar]] in 959. In 1066, England was [[Norman Conquest|conquered by the Normans]], who introduced a [[Norman language|Norman]]-speaking administration that was eventually assimilated. Wales came under Anglo-Norman control in 1282, and was officially annexed to England in the 16th century.
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