Eastern Christianity

=== Dissenting movements ===
In addition to these four mainstream branches, there are a number of much smaller groups which originated from disputes with the dominant tradition of their original areas. Most of these are either part of the more traditional [[Old Believer]] movement, which arose from a [[Schism (religion)|schism]] within Russian Orthodoxy, or the more radical [[Spiritual Christianity]] movement. The latter includes a number of diverse "[[Low church|low-church]]" groups, from the Bible-centered [[Molokan]]s to the anarchic [[Doukhobor]]s to the self-mutilating [[Skoptsy]]. None of these groups are in communion with the mainstream churches listed above. There are also national dissidents, where ethnic groups want their own nation-church, such as the [[Macedonian Orthodox Church]] and the [[Montenegrin Orthodox Church]]; both are domiciles of the [[Serbian Orthodox Church]]. There are also some [[Protestantism|Reformed]] Churches which share characteristics of Eastern Christianity, to varying extents.

===="True Orthodox" churches====
{{Main|True Orthodoxy}}
Starting in the 1920s, [[Greek Old Calendarists|parallel hierarchies]] formed in opposition to local Orthodox churches over ecumenism and other matters. These jurisdictions sometimes refer to themselves as being "True Orthodox". In Russia, underground churches formed and maintained solidarity with the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia until the late 1970s. There are now traditionalist Orthodox in every area, though in Asia and Egypt their presence is negligible.

==== Eastern Protestant Churches ====
{{Main|Eastern Protestantism}}
[[Eastern Protestant Christianity]] comprises a collection of heterogeneous Protestant denominations which are mostly the result of [[Protestantism|Protestant]] Churches adopting Reformation variants of [[Orthodoxy#Christianity|Orthodox Christian]] liturgy and worship.<ref>{{cite web |title=Believers Eastern Church |url=https://www.bec.org/history/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Church History |url=http://steci.org/church-history/ |website=St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India (steci) is an episcopal Church |access-date=2019-07-23 |archive-date=2019-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720140346/http://steci.org/church-history/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> Some others are the result of [[reformation]]s of [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christian]] beliefs and practices, inspired by the teachings of Western Protestant missionaries.<ref>{{cite web |title=Heritage – Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church |url=http://marthoma.in/the-church/heritage/}}</ref> Denominations of this category include the [[Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church ]],
[[Ukrainian Lutheran Church]], [[St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India]], [[Evangelical Orthodox Church]], etc.

===== Byzantine Rite Lutheranism =====
{{Main|Byzantine Rite Lutheranism}}
[[Byzantine Rite Lutheranism]] arose in the Ukrainian Lutheran Church around 1926.<ref name="HämmerliMayer2016">{{cite book |last1=Hämmerli |first1=Maria |last2=Mayer |first2=Jean-François |title=Orthodox Identities in Western Europe: Migration, Settlement and Innovation |date=23 May 2016 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |language=en |isbn=978-1317084914 |page=13}}</ref> It sprung up in the region of Galicia and its rites are based on the [[Liturgy of Saint John Chrysostom]].<ref name="Bebis2013">{{cite web |url=http://www.omhksea.org/2013/03/the-divine-liturgy-of-saint-john-chrysostom-used-by-the-ukrainian-lutheran-church-and-its-missing-elements/|title=The Divine Liturgy of Saint John Chrysostom, used by the Ukrainian Lutheran Church, and its missing elements |last=Bebis |first=Vassilios |date=30 March 2013 |publisher=[[Eastern Orthodox Metropolitanate of Hong Kong and Southeast Asia]] |language=en |access-date=18 September 2018 |quote=A revised Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom is also celebrated in Ukraine by members of the Ukrainian Lutheran Church. This Church was organized originally in 1926 in the “Galicia” region of Ukraine, which was at that time under the government of Poland. The liturgical rites used by the Ukrainian Lutherans reflected their Byzantine tradition. They did not use a Lutheran revision of the Latin Mass in their services, but instead they used a Lutheran revision of the Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom.}}</ref><ref name="Webber1992">{{cite web|url=https://www.blc.edu/comm/gargy/gargy1/liturgical_church.html|title=Why is the Lutheran Church a Liturgical Church?|last=Webber|first=David Jay|year=1992|publisher=[[Bethany Lutheran College]]|language=en|access-date=18 September 2018|quote=In the Byzantine world, however, this pattern of worship would not be informed by the liturgical history of the Latin church, as with the Reformation-era church orders, but by the liturgical history of the Byzantine church. (This was in fact what occurred with the Ukrainian Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession, which published in its 1933 Ukrainian Evangelical Service Book the first ever Lutheran liturgical order derived from the historic Eastern Rite.)}}</ref> The church suffered [[Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc|persecution under the Communist régime]], which implemented a policy of [[state atheism]].<ref name="Dushnyck1991">{{cite book|last=Dushnyck|first=Walter|title=The Ukrainian Heritage in America|year=1991|publisher=Ukrainian Congress Committee of America|language=en|isbn=978-1879001008|page=94}}</ref>