Crusades

==== Fall of Jerusalem ====
Baldwin V became sole king upon the death of his uncle in 1185 under the regency of [[Raymond III of Tripoli]]. Raymond negotiated a truce with Saladin which went awry when the king died in the summer of 1186.<ref>Barker, Ernest (1911). "[[s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Raymund of Tripoli|Raymund of Tripoli]]". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. '''22.''' (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press. p. 935.</ref> His mother [[Sibylla, Queen of Jerusalem|Sibylla of Jerusalem]] and her husband [[Guy of Lusignan]] were crowned as queen and king of Jerusalem in the summer of 1186, shortly thereafter. They immediately had to deal with the threat posed by Saladin.<ref>Gerish, Deborah (2006). Guy of Lusignan (d. 1194).  In ''The Crusades: An Encyclopedia''. pp. 549–551.</ref>

Despite his defeat at the [[Battle of al-Fule]] in the fall of 1183, Saladin increased his attacks against the Franks, leading to their defeat at the [[Battle of Cresson]] on 1 May 1187. Guy of Lusignan responded by raising the largest army that Jerusalem had ever put into the field. Saladin lured this force into inhospitable terrain without water supplies and routed them at the [[Battle of Hattin]] on 4 July 1187. One of the major commanders was [[Raymond III, Count of Tripoli#Hattin and its consequences|Raymond III of Tripoli]] who saw his force slaughtered, with some knights deserting to the enemy, and narrowly escaping, only to be regarded as a traitor and coward.{{sfn|Lewis|2017|pp=233–284|loc=The Regent Thwarted: Count Raymond III (1174–1187)}} Guy of Lusignan was one of the few captives of Saladin's after the battle, along with Raynald of Châtillon and [[Humphrey IV of Toron]]. Raynald was beheaded, settling an old score. Guy and Humphrey were imprisoned in Damascus and later released in 1188.<ref>Hoch, Martin (2006). Hattin, Battle of (1187). In ''The Crusades: An Encyclopedia''. pp. 559–561.</ref>

As a result of his victory, much of Palestine quickly fell to Saladin. The [[Siege of Jerusalem (1187)|siege of Jerusalem]] began on 20 September 1187 and the Holy City was surrendered to Saladin by [[Balian of Ibelin]] on 2 October. According to some, on 19{{nbsp}}October 1187, [[Pope Urban III|Urban III]] died upon of hearing of the defeat.{{sfn|Asbridge|2012|p=367|loc=Called to Crusade}} Jerusalem was once again in Muslim hands. Many in the kingdom fled to Tyre, and Saladin's subsequent attack at the [[Siege of Tyre (1187)|siege of Tyre]] beginning in November 1187 was unsuccessful. The [[siege of Belvoir Castle]] began the next month and the Hospitaller stronghold finally fell a year later. The [[Siege of Laodicea (1188)|sieges of Laodicea]] and [[siege of Sahyun Castle|Sahyun Castle]] in July 1188 and the [[Siege of Al-Shughur|sieges of al-Shughur]] and [[Siege of Bourzey Castle|Bourzey Castle]] in August 1188  further solidified Saladin's gains. The [[Siege of Safed (1188)|siege of Safed]] in late 1188 then completed Saladin's conquest of the Holy Land.<ref name=":22">Baldwin, Marshall W. (1969). "[http://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0001/reference/history.crusone.i0034.pdf Chapter XIX. The Decline and Fall of Jerusalem, 1174–1189]". In Setton, Kenneth M.; Baldwin, Marshall W. (eds.). ''A History of the Crusades: Volume One. The First Hundred Years''. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 590–621.</ref>

[[File:Crusader States 1190.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|The Near East, {{circa|1190}}, at the inception of the Third Crusade]]