Benin City

== Environmental issues ==

=== Climate change ===
{{Further|Climate change in Nigeria}}
The city is already feeling the effects of climate change, with increases in temperature, humidity and precipitation trends between 1981 and 2015.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Floyd|first1=A. C.|last2=Oikpor|first2=R.|last3=Ekene|first3=B.|date=2016|title=An Assessment of Climate Change in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria|url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/fje/article/view/176006|journal=FUTY Journal of the Environment|language=en|volume=10|issue=1|pages=87–94|doi=10.4314/fje.v10i1|doi-broken-date=31 January 2024|issn=1597-8826|s2cid=211560255}}</ref>

==== Flood management ====
Benin city experiences regular flooding.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Butu|first1=A. W.|last2=Emeribe|first2=C. N.|last3=Ogbomida|first3=E. T.|date=March 2019|title=Effects of Seasonal Flooding in Benin City and the need for a Community-Based Adaptation Model in Disaster Management in Nigeria|url=https://nijest.com/112-128_108_vol-3-no-1_nijest-2/|journal=Nigerian Journal of Environmental Sciences and Technology|language=en|volume=3|issue=1|pages=112–128|doi=10.36263/nijest.2019.01.0108|doi-broken-date=1 February 2024|s2cid=202915758|issn=2616-0501|doi-access=free|access-date=2 October 2021|archive-date=13 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313191011/https://nijest.com/112-128_108_vol-3-no-1_nijest-2/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Studies have consistently highlighted the problem since at least 1993.<ref name="Odemerho 371–376">{{Cite journal|last=Odemerho|first=Francis O.|date=1993-04-01|title=Flood control failures in a Third World City: Benin City, Nigeria — some environmental factors and policy issues|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00807539|journal=GeoJournal|language=en|volume=29|issue=4|pages=371–376|doi=10.1007/BF00807539|s2cid=153661811|issn=1572-9893}}</ref> Experts have recommended a number of ways to improve flood management, including better controls on land use, construction and development,<ref name="Odemerho 371–376"/> improved [[Community-based program design|Community-based programs]] designed to improve city adaptation and disaster management,<ref name=":0" /> and improvements in individual preparedness.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ezemonye|first1=Mary. N|last2=Emeribe|first2=Chukwudi. N|date=2014-01-01|title=Flooding and Household Preparedness in Benin City, Nigeria|url=https://www.richtmann.org/journal/index.php/mjss/article/view/1933|journal=Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences|doi=10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n1p547|doi-access=free}}</ref>

In June 2020, a significant number of communities and individuals were left homeless because of city flooding.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2020-06-22|title=Flood ravages Benin City, renders many homeless|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/06/flood-ravages-benin-city-renders-many-homeless/|access-date=2021-10-02|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref> At the time, residents and the city blamed poor [[storm drain]]s and a failure to continue flood adaptation programs.<ref name=":1" />

==== Urban heating ====
The city, on average is .5 degrees Celsius warmer than the surrounding rural areas, and these temperature differences are greater during workweeks when human activity increases pollution in the urban area.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}

==== Waste management ====
A 2021 study published in ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'', highlighted that the city has not met the standards for [[waste management]] set by the   [[Edo State Waste Management Board]]. After surveying 2720 inhabitants of the city, the authors found that most people in the city didn't understand proper waste management practices.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Adekola|first1=P. O.|last2=Iyalomhe|first2=F. O.|last3=Paczoski|first3=A.|last4=Abebe|first4=S. T.|last5=Pawłowska|first5=B.|last6=Bąk|first6=M.|last7=Cirella|first7=G. T.|date=2021-01-11|title=Public perception and awareness of waste management from Benin City|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|pages=306|pmid=33432016|  doi=10.1038/s41598-020-79688-y |pmc=7801630 |issn=2045-2322}}</ref> Moreover, the study found that survey participants didn't understand how waste management was connected to other issues like greenhouse gas emissions.<ref name=":2" /> An additional study found that most residents didn't understand the health impacts of bad waste management.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}