Bankruptcy

===Australia===
{{See also|Australian insolvency law}}

In Australia, bankruptcy is a status which applies to individuals and is governed by the federal ''Bankruptcy Act 1966''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ba1966142/|title=BANKRUPTCY ACT 1966|website=austlii.edu.au|access-date=2017-01-19|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201112404/http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ba1966142/|archive-date=2017-02-01}}</ref> Companies do not go bankrupt but rather go into [[liquidation]] or [[administration (insolvency)|administration]], which is governed by the federal ''[[Corporations Act 2001]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ca2001172/|title=CORPORATIONS ACT 2001|website=austlii.edu.au|access-date=2017-01-19|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223213544/http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ca2001172/|archive-date=2017-02-23}}</ref>

If a person commits an act of bankruptcy, then a creditor can apply to the [[Federal Circuit Court of Australia|Federal Circuit Court]] or the [[Federal Court of Australia|Federal Court]] for a [[Sequestration (law)|sequestration order]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ba1966142/s43.html|title=BANKRUPTCY ACT 1966 – SECT 43 Jurisdiction to make sequestration orders|website=austlii.edu.au|access-date=2017-01-19|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131191322/http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ba1966142/s43.html|archive-date=2017-01-31}}</ref> Acts of bankruptcy are defined in the legislation, and include the failure to comply with a bankruptcy notice.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ba1966142/s40.html|title=BANKRUPTCY ACT 1966 – SECT 40 Acts of bankruptcy|website=www.austlii.edu.au|access-date=2017-01-19|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131191822/http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ba1966142/s40.html|archive-date=2017-01-31}}</ref> A bankruptcy notice can be issued where, among other cases, a person fails to pay a [[Judgment debtor|judgment debt]] of at least $5,000.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ba1966142/s41.html|title=BANKRUPTCY ACT 1966 - SECT 41 Bankruptcy notices|website=austlii.edu.au|access-date=2017-01-19|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131191333/http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ba1966142/s41.html|archive-date=2017-01-31}}</ref> A person can also seek to have themselves declared bankrupt for any amount of debt by lodging a debtor's petition with the "Official Receiver",<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ba1966142/s55.html|title=BANKRUPTCY ACT 1966 – SECT 55 Debtor's petition|website=austlii.edu.au|access-date=2017-01-19|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131190947/http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ba1966142/s55.html|archive-date=2017-01-31}}</ref> which is the Australian Financial Security Authority (AFSA).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afsa.gov.au/|title=AFSA|date=2011-12-31|publisher=AFSA|access-date=2012-04-17|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130816033619/https://www.afsa.gov.au/|archive-date=2013-08-16}}</ref>

All bankrupts must lodge a Statement of Affairs document, also known as a Bankruptcy Form, with AFSA, which includes important information about their assets and liabilities. A bankruptcy cannot be discharged until this document has been lodged.

Ordinarily, a bankruptcy lasts three years from the filing of the Statement of Affairs with AFSA.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ba1966142/s149.html|title=BANKRUPTCY ACT 1966 – SECT 149 Automatic discharge|website=www.austlii.edu.au|access-date=2017-01-19|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131191832/http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ba1966142/s149.html|archive-date=2017-01-31}}</ref>

A Bankruptcy Trustee (in most cases, the Official Trustee at AFSA) is appointed to deal with all matters regarding the administration of the bankrupt estate. The Trustee's job includes notifying creditors of the estate and dealing with creditor inquiries; ensuring that the bankrupt complies with their obligations under the Bankruptcy Act; investigating the bankrupt's financial affairs; realising funds to which the estate is entitled under the Bankruptcy Act and distributing dividends to creditors if sufficient funds become available.

For the duration of their bankruptcy, all bankrupts have certain restrictions placed upon them. For example, a bankrupt must obtain the permission of their trustee to travel overseas. Failure to do so may result in the bankrupt being stopped at the airport by the Australian Federal Police. Additionally, a bankrupt is required to provide their trustee with details of income and assets. If the bankrupt does not comply with the Trustee's request to provide details of income, the trustee may have grounds to lodge an Objection to Discharge, which has the effect of extending the bankruptcy for a further three or five years depending on the type of Objection.

The realisation of funds usually comes from two main sources: the bankrupt's assets and the bankrupt's wages. There are certain assets that are protected, referred to as ''protected assets''. These include household furniture and appliances, tools of the trade and vehicles up to a certain value. All other assets of value can be sold. If a house, including the main residence, or car is above a certain value, a third party can buy the interest from the estate in order for the bankrupt to utilise the asset. If this is not done, the interest vests in the estate and the trustee is able to take possession of the asset and sell it.

The bankrupt must pay income contributions if their income is above a certain threshold. If the bankrupt fails to pay, the trustee can ask the Official Receiver to issue a notice to garnishee the bankrupt's wages. If that is not possible, the Trustee may seek to extend the bankruptcy for a further three or five years.

Bankruptcies can be annulled, and the bankrupt released from bankruptcy, prior to the expiration of the normal three-year period if all debts are paid out in full. Sometimes a bankrupt may be able to raise enough funds to make an Offer of Composition to creditors, which would have the effect of paying the creditors some of the money they are owed. If the creditors accept the offer, the bankruptcy can be annulled after the funds are received.

After the bankruptcy is annulled or the bankrupt has been automatically discharged, the bankrupt's credit report status is shown as "discharged bankrupt" for some years. The maximum number of years this information can be held is subject to the retention limits under the Privacy Act.  How long such information is on a credit report may be shorter, depending on the issuing company, but the report must cease to record that information based on the criteria in the Privacy Act.