Amsterdam

===20th century – present===
[[File:Amsterdam photochrom2.jpg|thumb|left|Photochrom of Amsterdam's [[Dam Square]] at the beginning of the 20th century]]
Shortly before the [[World War I|First World War]], the city started to expand again, and new suburbs were built. Even though the Netherlands remained neutral in this war, Amsterdam suffered a food shortage, and heating fuel became scarce. The shortages sparked riots in which several people were killed. These riots are known as the ''Aardappeloproer'' (Potato rebellion). People started looting stores and warehouses in order to get supplies, mainly food.<ref name="aardappeloproer">{{Cite web |title=Aardappeloproer – Legermuseum |url=http://www.collectie.legermuseum.nl/sites/strategion/contents/i004516/arma39%20het%20aardappeloproer%20in%201917.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528004443/http://www.collectie.legermuseum.nl/sites/strategion/contents/i004516/arma39%20het%20aardappeloproer%20in%201917.pdf |archive-date=28 May 2008 |access-date=21 May 2008 |language=nl}}</ref>

[[File:Jan Philip Albach, Afb ANWH00199000048.jpg|thumb|The rebuilt [[Magere Brug]], around 1938.]]
On 1 January 1921, after a flood in 1916, the depleted municipalities of Durgerdam, Holysloot, Zunderdorp and [[Schellingwoude]], all lying north of Amsterdam, were, at their own request, annexed to the city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amsterdam city archives |url=https://stadsarchief.amsterdam.nl |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006135130/https://stadsarchief.amsterdam.nl/ |archive-date=6 October 2014 |access-date=4 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.centraledorpenraad.nl/landelijk-noord/historie |title=Historie |work=centaledorpenraad.nl |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140711234152/http://www.centraledorpenraad.nl/landelijk-noord/historie |archive-date=11 July 2014}}</ref> Between the wars, the city continued to expand, most notably to the west of the [[Jordaan]] district in the [[Frederik Hendrikbuurt]] and surrounding neighbourhoods.

[[Nazi Germany]] [[Battle of the Netherlands|invaded the Netherlands]] on 10 May 1940 and took control of the country. Some Amsterdam citizens sheltered Jews, thereby exposing themselves and their families to a high risk of being imprisoned or sent to concentration camps. More than 100,000 [[Dutch Jews]] were deported to [[Nazi concentration camps]], of whom some 60,000 lived in Amsterdam. In response, the Dutch Communist Party organized the [[February strike]] attended by 300,000 people to protest against the raids. The most famous deportee was the young [[Jewish]] girl [[Anne Frank]], who died in the [[Bergen-Belsen concentration camp]].<ref name="deportation">{{Cite web |title=Deportation to camps |url=http://www.hollandscheschouwburg.nl/site_en/deportatie/kader.html |access-date=21 May 2008 |publisher=Hollandsche Schouwburg}}</ref> At the end of the Second World War, communication with the rest of the country broke down, and food and fuel became scarce. Many citizens traveled to the countryside to forage. Dogs, cats, raw [[sugar beet]]s, and [[tulip]] bulbs—cooked to a pulp—were consumed to stay alive.<ref name="hongerwinter">{{Cite web |title=Kou en strijd in een barre winter |url=http://www.nos.nl/nosjournaal/dossiers/60jaarbevrijding/60jaar_hongerwinter.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080123174846/http://www.nos.nl/nosjournaal/dossiers/60jaarbevrijding/60jaar_hongerwinter.html#C |archive-date=23 January 2008 |access-date=21 May 2008 |publisher=NOS |language=nl}}</ref> Many trees in Amsterdam were cut down for fuel, and wood was taken from the houses, apartments and other buildings of deported Jews. The city was finally liberated by Canadian forces on 5 May 1945, shortly before the end of the war in [[Europe]].

[[File:Enorme menigte op de Amstellaan te Amsterdam Op de achtergrond de zgn wolkenkrabber, Bestanddeelnr 900-2830.jpg|right|thumb|upright=0.75|People celebrating the [[Liberation Day (Netherlands)|liberation of the Netherlands]] at the end of [[World War II]] on 8 May 1945]]
Many new suburbs, such as [[Osdorp]], [[Slotervaart (neighborhood)|Slotervaart]], [[Slotermeer]] and [[Geuzenveld]], were built in the years after the Second World War.<ref name="svgeschedenis">{{Cite web |title=Stadsdeel Slotervaart – Geschiedenis |url=http://www.slotervaart.amsterdam.nl/stadsdeel_in_beeld/geschiedenis |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080503180139/http://www.slotervaart.amsterdam.nl/stadsdeel_in_beeld/geschiedenis |archive-date=3 May 2008 |access-date=22 May 2008 |publisher=Municipality Amsterdam |language=nl}}</ref> These suburbs contained many public parks and wide-open spaces, and the new buildings provided improved housing conditions with larger and brighter rooms, gardens, and balconies. Because of the war and other events of the 20th century, almost the entire city centre had fallen into disrepair. As society was changing,{{clarify|date=January 2017}} politicians and other influential figures made plans to redesign large parts of it. There was an increasing demand for office buildings, and also for new roads, as the automobile became available to most people.<ref name="stadsherstel">{{Cite web |title=Stadsherstel Missie/Historie |url=http://www.stadsherstelamsterdam.nl/ |access-date=22 May 2008 |language=nl}}</ref> A [[Amsterdam Metro|metro]] started operating in 1977 between the new suburb of [[Bijlmermeer]] in the city's [[Amsterdam-Zuidoost|Zuidoost]] (southeast) exclave and the centre of Amsterdam. Further plans were to build a new highway above the metro to connect [[Amsterdam Centraal station|Amsterdam Centraal]] and the city centre with other parts of the city.

The required large-scale demolitions began in Amsterdam's former Jewish neighborhood. Smaller streets, such as the Jodenbreestraat and Weesperstraat, were widened and almost all houses and buildings were demolished. At the peak of the demolition, the ''Nieuwmarktrellen'' ([[Nieuwmarkt Riots]]) broke out;<ref name="metrostad">{{Cite web |title=Typisch Metrostad |url=http://amsterdam.nl/?ActItmIdt=101459 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610023117/http://amsterdam.nl/?ActItmIdt=101459 |archive-date=10 June 2008 |access-date=22 May 2008 |publisher=Municipality Amsterdam |language=nl}}</ref> the rioters expressed their fury about the demolition caused by the restructuring of the city.

As a result, the demolition was stopped and the highway into the city's centre was never fully built; only the metro was completed. Only a few streets remained widened. The new city hall was built on the almost completely demolished Waterlooplein. Meanwhile, large private organizations, such as ''Stadsherstel Amsterdam'', were founded to restore the entire city centre. Although the success of this struggle is visible today, efforts for further restoration are still ongoing.<ref name="stadsherstel" /> The entire city centre has reattained its former splendour and, as a whole, is now a [[protected area]]. Many of its buildings have become monuments, and in July 2010 the [[Grachtengordel (Amsterdam)|Grachtengordel]] (the three concentric canals: Herengracht, Keizersgracht, and Prinsengracht) was added to the [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage List]].<ref name="unesco">{{Cite web |title=Grachtengordel Amsterdam Werelderfgoed |url=https://www.amsterdam.nl/kunst-cultuur/grachtengordel/ |access-date=5 August 2015 |publisher=Gemeente Amsterdam |language=nl}}</ref>

[[File:Amsterdam Canal Tour.jpg|thumb|left|The 17th-century [[Canals of Amsterdam]] were listed as [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]s in 2010,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Seventeenth-century canal ring area of Amsterdam inside the Singelgracht – UNESCO World Heritage Centre |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1349 |access-date=31 January 2012 |publisher=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> contributing to Amsterdam's fame as the "[[Venice of the North]]".<ref name="Venice1">{{Cite web |title=Amsterdamhotspots.nl |url=http://www.amsterdamhotspots.nl/architecture.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070404161938/http://www.amsterdamhotspots.nl/architecture.html |archive-date=4 April 2007 |access-date=19 April 2007}}</ref><ref name="Venice3">{{Cite web |title=World Executive City Guides – Amsterdam |url=http://www.worldexecutive.com/cityguides/amsterdam/ |access-date=19 April 2007}}</ref> Along with [[De Wallen]], the canals are the focal-point for tourists in the city.]]
In the 21st century, the Amsterdam city centre has attracted large numbers of tourists: between 2012 and 2015, the annual number of visitors rose from 10 to 17&nbsp;million. Real estate prices have surged, and local shops are making way for tourist-oriented ones, making the centre unaffordable for the city's inhabitants.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 July 2016 |title=Amsterdam als koelkastmagneetje |trans-title=Amsterdam as a fridge magnet |work=[[De Groene Amsterdammer]] |url=https://www.groene.nl/artikel/amsterdam-als-koelkastmagneetje}}</ref> These developments have evoked comparisons with [[Venice (Italy)|Venice]], a city thought to be overwhelmed by the tourist influx.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 January 2016 |title=Winkelomzet in Amsterdamse binnenstad explodeerde in 2015 |work=Het Parool |url=http://www.parool.nl/parool/nl/30/ECONOMIE/article/detail/4233984/2016/01/28/Winkelomzet-in-Amsterdamse-binnenstad-explodeerde-in-2015.dhtml |url-status=dead |access-date=22 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203133439/http://www.parool.nl/parool/nl/30/ECONOMIE/article/detail/4233984/2016/01/28/Winkelomzet-in-Amsterdamse-binnenstad-explodeerde-in-2015.dhtml |archive-date=3 February 2016}}</ref>

Construction of a new metro line connecting the part of the city north of the [[IJ (Amsterdam)|IJ]] to its southern part was started in 2003. The project was controversial because its cost had exceeded its budget by a factor of three by 2008,<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 April 2008 |title=Geschiedenis van een debacle |work=Het Parool}}</ref> because of fears of damage to buildings in the centre, and because construction had to be halted and restarted multiple times.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Werk aan Amsterdamse Noord-Zuidlijn hervat |url=http://static.nos.nl/nosjournaal/artikelen/2009/8/19/190809_noordzuid_adam.html |access-date=22 June 2016 |website=NOS.nl}}</ref> The new metro line was completed in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bouw Noord/Zuidlijn is voltooid: metrostations en lijn klaar om proef te draaien |url=https://www.at5.nl/artikelen/177226/bouw-noordzuidlijn-is-voltooid-metrostations-en-lijn-klaar-om-proef-te-draaien |access-date=16 September 2018 |website=at5.nl}}</ref>

Since 2014, renewed focus has been given to urban regeneration and renewal, especially in areas directly bordering the city centre, such as [[Frederik Hendrikbuurt]]. This urban renewal and expansion of the traditional centre of the city—with the construction on artificial islands of the new eastern [[IJburg]] neighbourhood—is part of the Structural Vision Amsterdam 2040 initiative.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Plan Openbare Ruimte Frederik Hendrikbuurt |url=https://www.amsterdam.nl/publish/pages/285098/plan_openbare_ruimte_versie_4.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.amsterdam.nl/publish/pages/285098/plan_openbare_ruimte_versie_4.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |access-date=26 September 2016 |language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Structural Vision Amsterdam 2040 |url=https://www.amsterdam.nl/wonen-leefomgeving/structuurvisie/structural-vision-am/ |access-date=26 September 2016 |language=nl}}</ref>