Islamic terrorism

==== Italy ====
{{See also|Terrorism in Italy#Islamic terrorism}}
Despite its proximity to the Middle East and North Africa, relatively porous borders, and a large influx of migrants from Muslim majority countries, Italy has not experienced the same surge in radicalization as other European countries. Just 125 individuals with ties to Italy left to join jihadist groups, compared with Belgium's 470 and Sweden's 300 such individuals in the same period from their much smaller populations. Since the [[September 11 attacks]] in 2001, there have been a small number of plots either thwarted or failed. Two individuals born in Italy have been involved in terrorist attacks, Youssef Zaghba one of the trio of attackers in the June [[2017 London Bridge attack]] while ISIS sympathizer Tomasso Hosni attacked soldiers at [[Milano Centrale railway station|Milan's Central station]] in May 2017.<ref name="ispi2018" />

Deportation (expulsion) of suspects who are foreign nationals has been the cornerstone of Italy's preventive counter-terrorism strategy against jihadists.<ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=https://www.ispionline.it/en/pubblicazione/measure-expulsions-extremism-21804|title=The measure of expulsions for extremism|last=ispisito|date=14 December 2018|website=ISPI|language=en|access-date=21 December 2018}}</ref> Deportees are prohibited from re-entering Italy and the entire Schengen Area for at least five years. This measure is particularly effective because in Italy, unlike in other Western European countries, many radicalized Muslims are first-generation immigrants without [[Italian nationality law|Italian citizenship]]. As elsewhere in Europe, prison inmates show signs of radicalization while incarcerated. In 2018, 41 individuals were deported upon release.<ref name=":2" /> Of the 147 people deported from 2015 to 2017, all were related to Islamist radicalization and 12 were imams.<ref name=":3">{{cite journal|last=Marone|first=Francesco|date=13 March 2017|title=The Use of Deportation in Counter-Terrorism: Insights from the Italian Case|website=International Center for Counter-Terrorism|url=https://icct.nl/publication/the-use-of-deportation-in-counter-terrorism-insights-from-the-italian-case/|language=en-US|access-date=21 December 2018|archive-date=21 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221134649/https://icct.nl/publication/the-use-of-deportation-in-counter-terrorism-insights-from-the-italian-case/|url-status=dead}}</ref> From January 2015 to April 2018, 300 individuals were expelled from Italian soil.<ref name="ispi2018" /> The vast majority of the deportees come from [[North Africa]], with most of the deportees come from [[Moroccans in Italy|Morocco]], [[Tunisian people in Italy|Tunisia]] and [[Egyptians in Italy|Egypt]]. A noted group came from [[Balkans|the Balkans]], with 13 individuals from Albania, 14 from Kosovo and 12 from Macedonia. A smaller group were from Asia, with [[Pakistanis in Italy|Pakistanis]] constituting the largest group.<ref name=":3" />