Tampa, Florida

==Infrastructure==

===Transportation===

====Roads====
[[File:Courtneycampbellcauseway.jpg|thumb|Courtney Campbell Causeway]]
Three motor vehicle bridges cross [[Tampa Bay]] to [[Pinellas County, Florida|Pinellas County]] from Tampa city limits: the [[Howard Frankland Bridge]] ([[Interstate 275 (Florida)|I-275]]), the [[Courtney Campbell Causeway]] ([[Florida State Road 60|SR 60]]), and the [[Gandy Bridge]] ([[U.S. 92]]). The old Gandy Bridge was completely replaced by new spans during the 1990s, but a span of the old bridge was saved and converted into a pedestrian and biking bridge renamed The Friendship Trail. It was the longest overwater recreation trail in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.floridabicycle.org/messenger/99winbridge.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080613093311/http://www.floridabicycle.org/messenger/99winbridge.html|url-status=dead|title=Friendship Trail Bridge Claims Status as Longest Overwater Recreation Trail|archivedate=June 13, 2008}}</ref> However, the bridge was closed in 2008 due to structural problems.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.tbo.com/content/2008/dec/23/na-its-final-friendship-trail-bridge-is-closed/news-metro/ |title=It's Final: Friendship TrailBridge Is Closed |publisher=.tbo.com |date=December 23, 2008 |access-date=February 23, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223183756/http://www2.tbo.com/content/2008/dec/23/na-its-final-friendship-trail-bridge-is-closed/news-metro/ |archive-date=December 23, 2008}}</ref>

[[File:60 west at 15th.jpg|left|thumb|The [[Lee Roy Selmon]] [[Lee Roy Selmon Expressway|Crosstown Expressway]] features a section that is elevated over parts of the downtown area and part of the Port of Tampa. With the even taller bridge carrying the Reversible Express Lanes of the expressway.]]
[[File:Aerial view of west Tampa, Florida.jpg|thumb|Eastern terminus of the Howard Frankland Bridge]]
Tampa has several freeways which serve the city. There are two tolled freeways bringing traffic in and out of Tampa. The [[Lee Roy Selmon Expressway]] (SR 618), runs from suburban [[Brandon, Florida|Brandon]] at its eastern terminus, through Downtown Tampa, to the neighborhoods in South Tampa (near [[MacDill Air Force Base]]) at its western terminus. The [[Florida State Road 589|Veterans Expressway]] (SR 589), meanwhile connects [[Tampa International Airport]] and the bay bridges to the northwestern suburbs of [[Carrollwood, Florida|Carrollwood]], [[Greater Northdale, Florida|Northdale]], [[Westchase, Florida|Westchase]], [[Citrus Park, Florida|Citrus Park]], [[Cheval, Florida|Cheval]], and [[Lutz, Florida|Lutz]], before continuing north as the [[Florida State Road 589|Suncoast Parkway]] into [[Pasco County, Florida|Pasco]] and [[Hernando County, Florida|Hernando]] counties.

Three of the city's freeways carry the [[interstate highway system|interstate highway]] designation. [[Interstate 4]] and [[Interstate 275 (Florida)|Interstate 275]] cut across the city and intersect near downtown. [[Interstate 75 in Florida|Interstate 75]] runs along the east side of town for much of its route through [[Hillsborough County, Florida|Hillsborough County]] until veering to the west to bisect New Tampa.

Along with the city's freeways, major surface roads serve as main arteries of the city. These roads are [[Hillsborough Avenue]] ([[U.S. Route 92|U.S. 92]] and [[U.S. Route 41 in Florida|U.S. 41]]), [[Dale Mabry Highway]] ([[U.S. Route 92|U.S. 92]]), [[Florida State Road 45|Nebraska Avenue (U.S. 41/SR 45)]], [[U.S. Route 41 Business (Tampa, Florida)|Florida Avenue (U.S. 41 Business)]], [[Bruce B. Downs Boulevard]], [[Florida State Road 582|Fowler Avenue]], Busch Boulevard, [[Florida State Road 60|Kennedy Boulevard (SR 60)]], [[Florida State Road 60|Adamo Drive]], and Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard.

====Airports====
{{Main|List of airports in the Tampa Bay area}}
Tampa is served by three airports (one in Tampa, two in the metro area) that provide significant scheduled passenger air service:
*[[Tampa International Airport]] ([[IATA airport code|IATA]]: TPA) is Tampa's main airport and the primary location for commercial passenger airline service into the Tampa Bay area. It is also a consistent favorite in surveys of the industry and the traveling public. The readers of ''[[Condé Nast Traveler]]'' have frequently placed Tampa International in their list of Best Airports, ranking it No. 1 in 2003<ref>[http://www.tampaairport.com/about/media/press_releases/2003/2003_0306_tpa_best_in_usa.pdf "Condé Nast Readers Rate Tampa International Best in the U.S.", March 6, 2003.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129205709/http://tampaairport.com/about/media/press_releases/2003/2003_0306_tpa_best_in_usa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050125112552/http://www.tampaairport.com/about/media/press_releases/2003/2003_0306_tpa_best_in_usa.pdf |archive-date=2005-01-25 |url-status=live |date=November 29, 2010 }} [http://www.tampaairport.com/ ''Tampa International Airport''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030621133721/http://tampaairport.com/ |date=June 21, 2003 }}. Retrieved January 28, 2010.</ref> and No. 2 in 2008.<ref>[http://www.tampaairport.com/about/media/press_releases/2008/09292008_conde_nast.pdf "NEWS RELEASE: TPA Still Admired After All These Years", September 29, 2008.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104050053/http://tampaairport.com/about/media/press_releases/2008/09292008_conde_nast.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104050053/http://tampaairport.com/about/media/press_releases/2008/09292008_conde_nast.pdf |archive-date=2010-01-04 |url-status=live |date=January 4, 2010 }} [http://www.tampaairport.com/ ''Tampa International Airport''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030621133721/http://tampaairport.com/ |date=June 21, 2003 }}. Retrieved January 28, 2010.</ref> A survey by [[Zagat]] in 2007 ranked Tampa International first among U.S. airports in overall quality.<ref>[http://www.tampaairport.com/about/media/press_releases/2007/112007_Zagat_Survey.pdf "Zagat Survey Releases Global Airlines Survey Covering 84 Airlines and 46 Major Airports", November 20, 2007.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104050602/http://tampaairport.com/about/media/press_releases/2007/112007_Zagat_Survey.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104050602/http://tampaairport.com/about/media/press_releases/2007/112007_Zagat_Survey.pdf |archive-date=2010-01-04 |url-status=live |date=January 4, 2010 }} [http://zagat.com/ ''Zagat Survey''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110416011620/http://www.zagat.com/ |date=April 16, 2011 }}. Retrieved January 28, 2010.</ref> During 2008, it was the 26th-busiest airport in North America.<ref>[http://www.tampaairport.com/about/facts/tia_fact_sheet_short.pdf "Fact Sheet", August 24, 2009.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104012726/http://tampaairport.com/about/facts/tia_fact_sheet_short.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227155944/http://tampaairport.com/about/facts/tia_fact_sheet_short.pdf |archive-date=2009-02-27 |url-status=live |date=January 4, 2010 }} [http://www.tampaairport.com/ ''Tampa International Airport''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030621133721/http://tampaairport.com/ |date=June 21, 2003 }}. Retrieved January 28, 2010.</ref>
*[[St. Pete–Clearwater International Airport]] ([[IATA airport code|IATA]]: PIE) lies just across the bay from Tampa International Airport in neighboring [[Pinellas County]]. The airport has become a popular destination for discount carriers, with over 90% of its flights are on low-cost carrier [[Allegiant Air]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.transtats.bts.gov/airports.asp?pn=1 |title=St. Petersburg, FL: St. Petersburg-Clearwater International (PIE) |publisher=[[Bureau of Transportation Statistics]] (BTS), [[Research and Innovative Technology Administration]] (RITA), [[U.S. Department of Transportation]] |date=July 2014 |access-date=July 21, 2014 |archive-date=October 12, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012160433/http://www.transtats.bts.gov/airports.asp?pn=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> A joint civil-military aviation facility, it is also home to [[Coast Guard Air Station Clearwater]], the largest air station in the [[U.S. Coast Guard]].<ref>[http://www.gcr1.com/5010web/airport.cfm?Site=PIE "Based Aircraft & Operations".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019214847/http://www.gcr1.com/5010web/airport.cfm?Site=PIE |date=October 19, 2012 }} [http://www.gcr1.com/ ''GCR''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100221044302/http://www.gcr1.com/ |date=February 21, 2010 }}. Retrieved February 18, 2010.</ref>
*[[Sarasota–Bradenton International Airport]] (IATA: SRQ) is in nearby Sarasota. Sarasota airport has more flights to Delta's Atlanta hub than any other city, but also serves several other large U.S. cities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.transtats.bts.gov/airports.asp?pn=1&Airport=SRQ&End_YearMonth=24146 |title=Sarasota/Bradenton, FL: Sarasota/Bradenton International (SRQ) |publisher=[[Bureau of Transportation Statistics]] (BTS), [[Research and Innovative Technology Administration]] (RITA), [[U.S. Department of Transportation]] |date=May 2014 |access-date=February 25, 2015 |archive-date=May 4, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504134950/http://www.transtats.bts.gov/airports.asp?pn=1&Airport=SRQ&End_YearMonth=24146 |url-status=live}}</ref>

====Rail====
[[File:Amtrak at Tampa Union Station Platform.jpg|thumb|right|[[Tampa Union Station]] platforms]]
Tampa's intercity passenger rail service is based at [[Tampa Union Station]], a historic facility, adjacent to downtown between the [[Channel District]] and [[Ybor City]]. The station is served by [[Amtrak]]'s ''[[Silver Star (Amtrak train)|Silver Star]]'', which calls on Tampa twice daily: southbound to [[Miami station (Amtrak)|Miami]] and northbound for [[Pennsylvania Station (New York City)|New York City]].<ref name="amtrak">[http://www.amtrak.com/servlet/BlobServer?blobcol=urldata&blobtable=MungoBlobs&blobkey=id&blobwhere=1249200681632&blobheader=application%2Fpdf&blobheadername1=Content-disposition&blobheadervalue1=attachment;filename=Amtrak_T04.pdf Amtrak Atlantic Coast Service] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100115111117/http://www.amtrak.com/servlet/BlobServer?blobcol=urldata&blobtable=MungoBlobs&blobkey=id&blobwhere=1249200681632&blobheader=application%2Fpdf&blobheadername1=Content-disposition&blobheadervalue1=attachment%3Bfilename%3DAmtrak_T04.pdf |date=January 15, 2010 }}. Retrieved January 21, 2010.</ref> Union Station also serves as the transfer hub for [[Amtrak Thruway]] service, offering bus connections to several cities in [[southwest Florida]] and to [[Orlando Health/Amtrak station|Orlando]].<ref name="amtrak" />

[[Uceta Yard|Uceta Rail Yard]] on Tampa's east side services [[CSX]] as a storage and [[intermodal freight transport]] facility. Freight and [[Intermodal container|container]] cargo operations at the city's seaports also depend upon dockside rail facilities.<ref>[http://www.tampaport.com/Port-Facilities/General-Cargo-Facilities/Ports-America-Berths-201-202-208-209-210-211 Tampa Port Authority: General Cargo Facilities, Ports America Berths]. Retrieved January 21, 2010. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120827103854/http://www.tampaport.com/Port-Facilities/General-Cargo-Facilities/Ports-America-Berths-201-202-208-209-210-211 |date=August 27, 2012 }}</ref>

====Seaports====
{{main|Port Tampa Bay}}

[[File:Tugboat pushes a barge at Port of Tampa.jpg|right|thumb|A tugboat pushes a barge at the Port of Tampa.]]
The Port of Tampa is the largest port in Florida in throughput tonnage, making it one of the busiest commercial ports in North America.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.flaports.org/Sub_Content3.aspx?id=26&pid=3 |title=Tampa Port Authority |publisher=Flaports.org |access-date=December 9, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235300/http://www.flaports.org/Sub_Content3.aspx?id=26&pid=3 |archive-date=December 2, 2013}}</ref> Petroleum and phosphate are the lead commodities, accounting for two-thirds of the 37 million tons of total bulk and general cargo handled by the port in 2009.<ref>[http://www.tampaport.com/content/download/10824/46091/file/FY09_Total%20Port.pdf "Total Port, Port of Tampa, Florida: FY09 vs FY08", November 16, 2009.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419090902/http://www.tampaport.com/content/download/10824/46091/file/FY09_Total%20Port.pdf |date=April 19, 2012 }} [http://www.tampaport.com/ ''Tampa Port Authority''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070907173050/http://www.tampaport.com/ |date=September 7, 2007 }}. Retrieved January 28, 2010.</ref> The port is also home to Foreign Trade Zone #79, which assists companies in Tampa Bay and along the I-4 Corridor in importing, exporting, manufacturing, and distribution activities as part of the United States foreign trade zone program.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tampaftz.com/ |title=Foreign Trade Zone No. 79 – Foreign Trade Zone Regulationsr |work=tampaftz.com |access-date=January 16, 2017 |archive-date=January 15, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170115205847/http://www.tampaftz.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Weekly containerized cargo service is available in the Port of Tampa. Cargo service is offered by Ports America, Zim American Integrated Shipping Company, and MSC which has recently partnered with Zim. 3,000 to 4,250 TEU containerships regularly call the Port of Tampa.

The bay bottom is very sandy, with the [[U.S. Army Corps of Engineers]] constantly dredging the ship channels to keep them navigable to large cargo ships.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://baysoundings.com/spring03/dredge.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203182803/http://baysoundings.com/spring03/dredge.html|url-status=dead|title=RUNNING OUT OF ROOM? Dredged Material Poses Challenges|archivedate=December 3, 2008}}</ref>

====Mass transit====
[[File:Streetcars_in_Tampa,.webp|thumb|233x233px|August, 1924]]
From the early 1900s till the late 1940s Tampa had an extensive streetcar line system that serviced the city.<ref name=":3" />  In 1926, the 53 mile long [[TECO Energy|Tampa Electric]] streetcar system carried almost 24 million passengers.<ref>{{cite web |date=26 May 2017 |title=Streetcar history clatter and dings |url=http://tampaelectricblog.com/streetcar-free-rides-fourth-friday-tampa/ |access-date=15 February 2018 |publisher=TECO - Tampa Electric}}</ref> The streetcar system had at least 13 different connected lines, maps [https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ebea7857366423e3387b23e/1589919758649-594OF86XCJ0M477HLMZD/image-asset.jpeg?format=1000w shown here] & [https://i.imgur.com/AOlhdDs.png here]. With each line running anywhere from every 10 to 30 minutes, from around 5 am till midnight.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=What happened to Tampa's streetcars? An artist mapped the forgotten lines. |url=https://www.tampabay.com/news/florida/2019/10/01/what-happened-to-tampas-streetcars-an-artist-mapped-the-citys-lost-transit-lines/ |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=Tampa Bay Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tampa Heights, History |url=https://www.tampaheights.org/history |access-date=2023-06-22 |website=TampaHeights.org |language=en-US}}</ref> It was shut down after World War Two, with the city tearing up most of the installed tracks.<ref name=":3" /> The last cars were removed from service some time between 1946 and 1949.<ref>{{cite web |title=The End of the Streetcar Era in Tampa |url=https://www.tampapix.com/streetcars.htm |access-date=15 February 2018 |website=Ybor City}}</ref>[[File:HART 25XX bus.JPG|right|thumb|upright=0.95|A HARTLine bus at the Marion Transit Center]]
Public mass transit in Tampa is operated by the [[Hillsborough Area Regional Transit Authority]] (HART), and includes [[Transit bus|public bus]] as well as a [[streetcar]] line. The HART bus system's main hub is the Marion Transit Center in [[Downtown Tampa]], serving nearly 30 local and express routes. HART also operates a rapid-transit bus system called [[MetroRapid]] that runs between Downtown and the University of South Florida.<ref>[http://www.gohart.org/Pages/services-metro.aspx "MetroRapid/HART"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625024038/http://www.gohart.org/Pages/services-metro.aspx |date=June 25, 2018 }}. Retrieved June 24, 2018.</ref>

The [[TECO Line Streetcar]] provides electric streetcar service along eleven stations on a {{cvt|2.7|mi|adj=on}} route, connecting [[Ybor City]], the [[Channel District, Tampa|Channel District]], the [[Tampa Convention Center]], and downtown Tampa.<ref>[http://www.tecolinestreetcar.org/about/stations/index.htm "Streetcar Station Stops", 2007.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121227214602/http://www.tecolinestreetcar.org/about/stations/index.htm |date=December 27, 2012 }} [http://www.tecolinestreetcar.org/ ''TECO Line Streetcar System''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110426181030/http://tecolinestreetcar.org/ |date=April 26, 2011 }}. Retrieved January 28, 2010.</ref> The TECO Line fleet features varnished wood interiors reminiscent of late 19th and mid-20th century streetcars.<ref>[http://www.tecolinestreetcar.org/about/history/index.htm "What Goes Around Comes Around", 2007.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906181829/http://www.tecolinestreetcar.org/about/history/index.htm |date=September 6, 2015 }} [http://www.tecolinestreetcar.org/ ''TECO Line Streetcar System''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110426181030/http://tecolinestreetcar.org/ |date=April 26, 2011 }}. Retrieved January 28, 2010.</ref>

Limited transportation by privately operated "[[Neighborhood Electric Vehicle]]s" (NEV) is available, primarily in Downtown Tampa and Ybor City.<ref>[http://www2.tbo.com/content/2009/apr/07/agency-discuss-regulating-golf-cart--vehicles/ Agency to discuss regulating golf cart-like vehicles] {{webarchive |url=https://archive.today/20121209021801/http://www2.tbo.com/content/2009/apr/07/agency-discuss-regulating-golf-cart--vehicles/ |date=December 9, 2012 }}</ref> [[Water taxi]]s are available on a charter basis for tours along the downtown waterfront and the Hillsborough River.

The [[Tampa Bay Area Regional Transportation Authority]] (TBARTA) develops bus, [[light rail]], and other transportation options for the seven-county [[Tampa Bay area]].

===Healthcare===

Tampa and its surrounding suburbs are host to over 20 hospitals, four trauma centers, and multiple Cancer treatment centers. Tampa is also home to many health research institutions. The major hospitals in Tampa include [[Tampa General Hospital]], St. Joseph's Children's & Women's Hospital, James A. Haley [[Veterans Health Administration|Veterans Hospital]], [[H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute]], and the Pepin Heart Institute at Advent Health Hospital. Shriners Hospitals for Children is based in Tampa. Turning Point of Tampa founded in 1987 addresses behavioral health.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tpoftampa.com/licensing-and-accreditations/ |title=Licensing and Accreditation &#124; Turning Point of Tampa |publisher=Tpoftampa.com |date= |accessdate=2022-06-30}}</ref> USF's Byrd Alzheimer's Institute is both a prominent research facility and Alzheimer's patient care center in Tampa. Along with human health care, there are hundreds of animal medical centers including a Humane Society of America.

===Utilities===
[[File:Big Bend Power Station.jpg|thumb|right|[[Big Bend Power Station]] supplies most of the city's energy.]]
Water in the area is managed by the [[Southwest Florida Water Management District]]. The water is mainly supplied by the [[Hillsborough River (Florida)|Hillsborough River]], which in turn arises from the [[Green Swamp (Florida)|Green Swamp]], but several other rivers and [[desalination]] plants in the area contribute to the supply. Power is mainly generated by [[TECO Energy]].

====Sustainability====
The City of Tampa was awarded the [[LEED]] for Cities and Communities (Existing) Gold Certification in February 2021 for its commitment to sustainability.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K3XwOQ8juaw&t=6s|title=City Of Tampa Gold LEED Certification|publisher=City of Tampa |date=2021-04-22 |accessdate=2023-04-08}}</ref>  Tampa's government has implemented incentives and programs to promote and achieve sustainability, including: expedited building permits for projects seeking LEED certification, increasing water conservation and resiliency through the SWFWMD Water-Wise collaboration, developing a climate equity plan, providing sustainability training to city employees, and increasing coordination for disaster response.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tampa.gov/mayor/strategic-goals/sustainability-and-resilience|title=Establishing Sustainability and Resilience|publisher=Tampa.gov |date=2021-04-30 |accessdate=2023-04-08}}</ref>

[[Water Street (Tampa)|Water Street Tampa]] was the first neighborhood globally to achieve the WELL Design and Operations designation under the WELL Community Standard. In March 2022, Water Street Tampa achieved LEED silver certification under the category of LEED for Neighborhood Development, making it the first neighborhood in Tampa to achieve the certification.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://floridayimby.com/2022/03/water-street-tampa-achieves-leed-silver-certification-for-neighborhood-development-plan.html|title=Water Street Tampa Achieves LEED Silver Certification For Neighborhood Development Plan|publisher=floridayimby.com |date=2023-03-08 |accessdate=2023-04-08}}</ref>