Vienna

=== Four-power Vienna===
{{further|Allied-occupied Austria}}
[[File:Wien Besatzungszonen.png|thumb|upright=1.35|left|Occupation zones in Vienna, 1945–55]]
After the war, Vienna was part of [[Allied-occupied Austria|Soviet-occupied Eastern Austria]] until September 1945. As in Berlin, Vienna in September 1945 was divided into sectors by the four powers: the US, the UK, France, and the Soviet Union and supervised by an [[Allied Commission]]. The four-power occupation of Vienna differed in one key respect from that of Berlin: the central area of the city, known as the first district, constituted an ''international zone'' in which the four powers alternated control on a monthly basis. The control was policed by the four powers on a ''de facto'' day-to-day basis, the famous "four soldiers in a jeep" method.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=rMlnAAAAMAAJ&q=%22four+soldiers+in+a+jeep%22+vienna ''Austria: Facts and Figures''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025172400/https://books.google.com/books?id=rMlnAAAAMAAJ&q=%22four+soldiers+in+a+jeep%22+vienna&dq=%22four+soldiers+in+a+jeep%22+vienna&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwim5rzos-7KAhXCJJoKHRBNBNsQ6AEIMzAA |date=25 October 2022 }}, Federal Press Service, 1973, page 34</ref> The [[Berlin Blockade]] of 1948 raised Western concerns that the Soviets might repeat the blockade in Vienna. The matter was raised in the UK [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] by MP [[Anthony Nutting]], who asked: "What plans have the Government for dealing with a similar situation in Vienna? Vienna is in exactly a similar position to Berlin."<ref>{{cite web |title=HC Deb 30 June 1948 vol 452 cc2213-49 |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1948/jun/30/germany#column_2238 |website=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]] |access-date=17 February 2016 |archive-date=10 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610035208/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1948/jun/30/germany#column_2238 |date=30 June 1948 |url-status=live }}</ref>

There was a lack of airfields in the Western sectors, and authorities drafted contingency plans to deal with such a blockade. Plans included the laying down of metal landing mats at Schönbrunn. The Soviets did not blockade the city. The [[Potsdam Agreement]] included written rights of land access to the western sectors, whereas no such written guarantees had covered the western sectors of Berlin. Also, there was no precipitating event to cause a blockade in Vienna. (In Berlin, the Western powers had introduced a new currency in early 1948 to economically freeze out the Soviets.) During the 10 years of the four-power occupation, Vienna became a hotbed for international espionage between the [[Western Bloc|Western]] and [[Eastern bloc]]s. In the wake of the Berlin Blockade, the [[Cold War]] in Vienna took on a different dynamic. While accepting that Germany and Berlin would be divided, the Soviets had decided against allowing the same state of affairs to arise in Austria and Vienna. Here, the Soviet forces controlled districts 2, 4, 10, 20, 21, and 22 and all areas incorporated into Vienna in 1938.

Barbed wire fences were installed around the perimeter of [[West Berlin]] in 1953, but not in Vienna. By 1955, the Soviets, by signing the [[Austrian State Treaty]], agreed to relinquish their occupation zones in Eastern Austria as well as their sector in Vienna. In exchange they required that Austria declare its permanent neutrality after the allied powers had left the country. Thus they ensured that Austria would not be a member of [[NATO]] and that NATO forces would therefore not have direct communications between Italy and [[West Germany]].

The atmosphere of four-power Vienna is the background for [[Graham Greene]]'s screenplay for the film ''[[The Third Man]]'' (1949). The films [[theme music]] was composed and performed by Viennese musician [[Anton Karas]] using a [[Zither]]. Later he adapted the screenplay as a novel and published it. Occupied Vienna is also depicted in the 1991 [[Philip Kerr]] novel, ''[[A German Requiem (novel)|A German Requiem]]''.