Telepathy

===Dream telepathy===

Parapsychological studies into [[dream telepathy]] were carried out at the [[Maimonides Medical Center]] in [[Brooklyn|Brooklyn, New York]] led by [[Stanley Krippner]] and [[Montague Ullman]]. They concluded the results from some of their experiments supported dream telepathy.<ref name=ullmanweb>{{cite book|title=Psychoanalysis and the paranormal: lands of darkness|series=Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series|editor1-first=Nick|editor1-last=Totton|publisher=Karnac Books| pages= 14–46|year=2003|isbn=978-1855759855|first=Montague|last=Ullman|author-link=Montague Ullman|chapter=Dream telepathy: experimental and clinical findings}}</ref> However, the results have not been independently replicated.<ref>Parker, Adrian. (1975). ''States of Mind: ESP and Altered States of Consciousness''. Taplinger. p. 90. {{ISBN|0800873742}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Clemmer | first1 = E. J. | year = 1986 | title = Not so anomalous observations question ESP in dreams | journal = [[American Psychologist]] | volume = 41 | issue = 10| pages = 1173–1174 | doi=10.1037/0003-066x.41.10.1173.b}}</ref><ref>[[Ray Hyman|Hyman, Ray]]. (1986). "Maimonides dream-telepathy experiments". ''Skeptical Inquirer'' 11: 91–92.</ref><ref>Neher, Andrew. (2011). ''Paranormal and Transcendental Experience: A Psychological Examination''. Dover Publications. p. 145. {{ISBN|0486261670}}</ref> The psychologist [[James Alcock]] has written the dream telepathy experiments at Maimonides have failed to provide evidence for telepathy and "lack of replication is rampant."<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = James | first1 = Alcock | author-link = James Alcock | year = 2003 | title = Give the Null Hypothesis a Chance: Reasons to Remain Doubtful about the Existence of Psi | journal = Journal of Consciousness Studies | volume = 10 | pages = 29–50 }}</ref>

The picture target experiments that were conducted by Krippner and Ullman were criticized by [[C. E. M. Hansel]]. According to Hansel there were weaknesses in the design of the experiments in the way in which the agent became aware of their target picture. Only the agent should have known the target and no other person until the judging of targets had been completed, however, an experimenter was with the agent when the target envelope was opened. Hansel also wrote there had been poor controls in the experiment as the main experimenter could communicate with the subject.<ref>[[C. E. M. Hansel|Hansel, C. E. M.]] ''The Search for a Demonstration of ESP''. In [[Paul Kurtz|Kurtz, Paul]]. (1985). ''A Skeptic's Handbook of Parapsychology''. Prometheus Books. pp. 97–127. {{ISBN|0879753005}}</ref>

An attempt to replicate the experiments that used picture targets was carried out by Edward Belvedere and David Foulkes. The finding was that neither the subject nor the judges matched the targets with dreams above chance level.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Belvedere | first1 = E. | last2 = Foulkes | first2 = D. | year = 1971 | title = Telepathy and Dreams: A Failure to Replicate | journal = Perceptual and Motor Skills | volume = 33 | issue = 3| pages = 783–789 | doi=10.2466/pms.1971.33.3.783| pmid = 4331356 | s2cid = 974894 }}</ref> Results from other experiments by Belvedere and Foulkes were also negative.<ref>[[C. E. M. Hansel|Hansel, C. E. M]]. (1989). ''The Search for Psychic Power: ESP and Parapsychology Revisited''. Prometheus Books. pp. 141–152. {{ISBN|0879755164}}</ref>