Sleep deprivation

===School===
{{See also|Sleep deprivation in higher education}}

The [[United States|U.S.]] [[National Sleep Foundation]] cites a 1996 paper showing that college/university-aged students get an average of less than 6 hours of sleep each night.<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Sleep Foundation Key Messages/Talking Points|url=https://sleepfoundation.org/sites/default/files/Drowsy%20Driving-Key%20Messages%20and%20Talking%20Points.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418142432/https://sleepfoundation.org/sites/default/files/Drowsy%20Driving-Key%20Messages%20and%20Talking%20Points.pdf|archive-date=18 April 2016|access-date=18 April 2016}}</ref> A 2018 study highlights the need for a good night's sleep for students, finding that college students who averaged eight hours of sleep for the five nights of finals week scored higher on their final exams than those who did not.<ref>{{Cite web| vauthors = Schroeder J |date=7 December 2018|title=Students Who Sleep 8 Hours Score Higher On Final Exams|url=https://www.tun.com/blog/students-who-sleep-8-hours-score-higher-on-final-exams/|access-date=10 December 2018|website=The University Network}}</ref>

In the study, 70.6% of students reported obtaining less than 8 hours of sleep, and up to 27% of students may be at risk for at least one sleep disorder.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hershner SD, Chervin RD | title = Causes and consequences of sleepiness among college students | journal = Nature and Science of Sleep | volume = 6 | pages = 73–84 | date = 23 June 2014 | pmid = 25018659 | pmc = 4075951 | doi = 10.2147/NSS.S62907 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Sleep deprivation is common in first-year college students as they adjust to the stress and social activities of college life.

Estevan et al. studied the relationships between sleep and test performance. They found that students tend to sleep less than usual the night before an exam and that exam performance was positively correlated with sleep duration.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Estevan I, Sardi R, Tejera AC, Silva A, Tassino B | title = Should I study or should I go (to sleep)? The influence of test schedule on the sleep behavior of undergraduates and its association with performance | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 16 | issue = 3 | pages = e0247104 | date = March 10, 2021 | pmid = 33690625 | pmc = 7946303 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0247104 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2021PLoSO..1647104E }}</ref>

A study performed by the Department of Psychology at the [[National Chung Cheng University]] in Taiwan concluded that freshmen received the least amount of sleep during the week.<ref name="Sleep patterns in college students; Gender and grade differences">{{cite journal | vauthors = Tsai LL, Li SP | title = Sleep patterns in college students: gender and grade differences | journal = Journal of Psychosomatic Research | volume = 56 | issue = 2 | pages = 231–237 | date = February 2004 | pmid = 15016583 | doi = 10.1016/S0022-3999(03)00507-5 | url = http://www.websciences.org/cftemplate/NAPS/archives/indiv.cfm?ID=20041266 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081220062545/http://www.websciences.org/cftemplate/NAPS/archives/indiv.cfm?ID=20041266 | archive-date = 20 December 2008 }}</ref>

Studies of later start times in schools have consistently reported benefits to [[adolescent sleep]], health, and learning using a wide variety of methodological approaches. In contrast, there are no studies showing that early start times have any positive impact on sleep, health, or learning.<ref name = "Kelly_2014">{{cite journal| vauthors = Kelley P, Lockley SW, Foster RG, Kelley J |date=1 August 2014|title=Synchronizing education to adolescent biology: 'let teens sleep, start school later'|journal=Learning, Media and Technology|volume=40|issue=2|page=220|doi=10.1080/17439884.2014.942666|doi-access=free}}</ref> Data from international studies demonstrate that "synchronized" start times for adolescents are far later than the start times in the overwhelming majority of educational institutions.<ref name = "Kelly_2014" /> In 1997, [[University of Minnesota]] researchers compared students who started school at 7:15&nbsp;a.m. with those who started at 8:40&nbsp;a.m. They found that students who started at 8:40 got higher grades and more sleep on weekday nights than those who started earlier.<ref name="SleepDepReport" /> One in four U.S. high school students admits to falling asleep in class at least once a week.<ref name="SleepDepAbcNews">{{cite news| vauthors = Schmid RE |date=28 March 2006|title=Sleep-deprived teens dozing off at school|work=ABC News|agency=Associated Press|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory?id=1775003|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061208094359/https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory?id=1775003|archive-date=8 December 2006}}</ref>

It is known that during human adolescence, [[circadian rhythm]]s and, therefore, sleep patterns typically undergo marked changes. [[Electroencephalography|Electroencephalogram]] (EEG) studies indicate a 50% reduction in deep (stage 4) sleep and a 75% reduction in the peak amplitude of delta waves during NREM sleep in adolescence. School schedules are often incompatible with a corresponding delay in sleep offset, leading to a less than optimal amount of sleep for the majority of adolescents.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Giedd JN | title = Linking adolescent sleep, brain maturation, and behavior | journal = The Journal of Adolescent Health | volume = 45 | issue = 4 | pages = 319–320 | date = October 2009 | pmid = 19766933 | pmc = 3018343 | doi = 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.07.007 }}</ref>
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