Shabbat Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! ==Rituals== {{Redirect|Shabbat dinner|the film|Shabbat Dinner}} ===Welcoming Shabbat=== [[File:GOOD SHABBES -.jpg|thumb|upright|Jewish woman reciting blessing over [[Shabbat candles]]]] [[File:Woman of Valor.png|thumb|The Hebrew poem, "The Woman of Valor" (Proverbs 31:10-31) is a traditional Shabbat song]] Honoring Shabbat (''kavod Shabbat'') on Preparation Day (Friday) includes bathing, having a haircut and cleaning and beautifying the home (with flowers, for example). Days in the Jewish calendar start at nightfall, therefore many [[Jewish holidays]] begin at [[Zmanim|such time]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Moss|first1=Aron|title=Why do Jewish holidays begin at nightfall?|url=https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/160961/jewish/Why-do-Jewish-holidays-begin-at-nightfall.htm|website=Chabad.org|access-date=25 September 2020}}</ref> According to Jewish law, Shabbat starts a few minutes before sunset. Candles are lit at this time. It is customary in many communities to light the candles 18 minutes before sundown (''tosefet Shabbat'', although sometimes 36 minutes), and most printed Jewish calendars adhere to this custom. The [[Jewish prayer#Friday night|Kabbalat Shabbat]] service is a prayer service welcoming the arrival of Shabbat. Before Friday night dinner, it is customary to sing two songs, one "greeting" two Shabbat angels into the house<ref>Shabbat 119b</ref> ([[Shalom Aleichem (liturgy)|"''Shalom Aleichem''"]] -"Peace Be Upon You") and the other praising the woman of the house for all the work she has done over the past week ([[Proverbs 31#The good wife (31:10โ31)|"''Eshet แธคayil''"]] -"Women Of Valour").<ref>{{bibleverse|Proverbs|31:10โ31|HE}}</ref> After blessings over the wine and [[challah]], a festive meal is served. Singing is traditional at Sabbath meals.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ferguson|first1=Joey|title=Jewish lecture series focuses on Sabbath Course at Chabad center focuses on secrets of sabbath's serenity|url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/700137207/Jewish-lecture-series-focuses-on-Sabbath.html?pg=all|agency=Deseret News|date=May 20, 2011|quote=The more we are able to invest in it, the more we are able to derive pleasure from the Sabbath." Jewish belief is based on understanding that observance of the Sabbath is the source of all blessing, said Rabbi Zippel in an interview. He referred to the Jewish Sabbath as a time where individuals disconnect themselves from all endeavors that enslave them throughout the week and compared the day to pressing a reset button on a machine. A welcome prayer over wine or grape juice from the men and candle lighting from the women invokes the Jewish Sabbath on Friday at sundown.}}</ref> In modern times, many composers have written sacred music for use during the Kabbalat Shabbat observance, including [[Robert Strassburg]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.milkenarchive.org/artists/view/robert-strassburg/|title=Strassburg, Robert|website=Milken Archive of Jewish Music|access-date=8 October 2017}}</ref> and [[Samuel Adler (composer)|Samuel Adler]].<ref name="Milken Archive of Jewish Music">{{cite web|title=Milken Archive of Jewish Music โ People โ Samuel Adler|url=http://www.milkenarchive.org/people/view/all/482/Adler,+Samuel|access-date=2 August 2015}}</ref> According to [[rabbinic literature]], God via the Torah commands Jews to ''observe'' (refrain from forbidden activity) and ''remember'' (with words, thoughts, and actions) Shabbat, and these two actions are symbolized by the customary two [[Shabbat candles]]. Candles are lit usually by the woman of the house (or else by a man who lives alone). Some families light more candles, sometimes in accordance with the number of children.<ref>[[Shulchan Aruch]], [[Orach Chaim]] 261.</ref> ===Other rituals=== {{redirect2|Oyneg Shabes|Oneg Shabbat|the collection of documents from the Warsaw Ghetto collected and preserved by the group known by the code name Oyneg Shabes|Ringelblum Archive}} Shabbat is a day of celebration as well as [[Jewish services|prayer]]. It is customary to eat three festive meals: Dinner on Shabbat eve (Friday night), lunch on Shabbat day (Saturday), and a third meal (a ''[[Seudah shlishit]]''<ref>Since it is this meal that changes the other two from meals of a two-per-day nature to two of a trio</ref>) in the late afternoon (Saturday). It is also customary to wear nice clothing (different from during the week) on Shabbat to honor the day. Many Jews attend synagogue services on Shabbat even if they do not do so during the week. Services are held on Shabbat eve (Friday night), Shabbat morning (Saturday morning), and late Shabbat afternoon (Saturday afternoon). With the exception of [[Yom Kippur]], days of public fasting are postponed or advanced if they coincide with Shabbat. Mourners sitting ''[[Shiva (Judaism)|shivah]]'' (week of mourning subsequent to the death of a spouse or first-degree relative) outwardly conduct themselves normally for the duration of the day and are forbidden to display public signs of mourning. Although most Shabbat laws are restrictive, the fourth of the Ten Commandments in Exodus is taken by the Talmud and [[Maimonides]] to allude to the ''positive'' commandments of Shabbat. These include: * Honoring Shabbat (''kavod Shabbat''): on Shabbat, wearing festive clothing and refraining from unpleasant conversation. It is customary to avoid talking on Shabbat about money, business matters, or secular things that one might discuss during the week.<ref>{{cite book|title=Ein Yaakov: The Ethical and Inspirational Teachings of the Talmud|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1461628245|isbn=1461628245|date=1999}}</ref><ref>Derived from {{Bibleverse||Isaiah|58:13โ14|HE}}.</ref> * Recitation of ''kiddush'' over a cup of [[kosher wine|wine]] at the beginning of Shabbat meals, or at a reception after the conclusion of morning prayers (see the [[list of Jewish prayers and blessings]]). * [[File:Shabbat Challos.jpg|thumb|Two homemade [[Whole-wheat flour|whole-wheat]] challot covered by traditional [[Embroidery|embroidered]] Shabbat [[challah cover]]]]Eating three festive meals. Meals begin with a blessing over two loaves of bread (''[https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/1108296/jewish/Lechem-Mishneh-The-Two-Shabbat-Loaves.htm lechem mishneh]'', "double bread"), usually of braided challah, which is symbolic of the double portion of [[manna]] that fell for the Jewish people on the day before Sabbath during their 40 years in the desert after the Exodus from Ancient Egypt. It is customary to serve meat or fish, and sometimes both, for Shabbat evening and morning meals. ''[[Seudah Shlishit]]'' (literally, "third meal"), generally a light meal that may be [[pareve]] or [[dairy]], is eaten late Shabbat afternoon. * Enjoying Shabbat (''oneg Shabbat''): Engaging in pleasurable activities such as eating, singing, sleeping, spending time with the family, and marital relations. Sometimes referred to as "Shabbating". * Recitation of ''[[havdalah]]''. ===Ending Shabbat=== {{Main|Havdalah}} [[File:Havdal.jpg|thumb|upright|Observing the closing ''havdalah'' ritual in 14th-century Spain]] ''Havdalah'' (Hebrew: ืึทืึฐืึธึผืึธื, "separation") is a Jewish religious ceremony that marks the symbolic end of Shabbat, and ushers in the new week. At the conclusion of Shabbat at nightfall, after the appearance of three stars in the sky, the ''havdalah'' blessings are recited over a cup of wine, and with the use of fragrant spices and a candle, usually braided. Some communities delay ''havdalah'' later into the night in order to prolong Shabbat. There are different customs regarding how much time one should wait after the stars have surfaced until the sabbath technically ends. Some people hold by 72 minutes later and other hold longer and shorter than that. 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