Scotch-Irish Americans

===Conflict with Native Americans===
Because the Scotch-Irish settled the frontier of Pennsylvania and western Virginia, they were greatly affected by the [[French and Indian War]] and [[Pontiac's War]].<ref>Edwin Thomas Schock, Jr., "Historiography of the Conestoga Massacre through Three Centuries of Scholarship", ''Journal of the Lancaster County Historical Society'' 1994 96(3): 99–112</ref> The Scotch-Irish were frequently in conflict with indigenous tribes, and did most of the fighting on the frontier from New Hampshire to the Carolinas.<ref name=Leyburn228>Leyburn 1962, p. 228</ref><ref>Ray Allen Billington, ''Westward Expansion'' (1972) pp 90-109; Toby Joyce, "'The Only Good Indian Is a Dead Indian': Sheridan, Irish-America and the Indians", ''History Ireland'' 2005 13(6): 26–29</ref> The Scots-Irish also became the middlemen who handled trade and negotiations between indigenous tribes and the colonial governments.<ref>James E. Doan, "How the Irish and Scots Became Indians: Colonial Traders and Agents and the Southeastern Tribes", ''New Hibernia Review'' 1999 3(3): 9–19</ref>

Especially in Pennsylvania, whose pacifist [[Quaker]] leaders had made no provision for a militia, Scotch-Irish settlements were frequently destroyed and the settlers killed, captured or forced to flee after attacks by the [[Lenape]] (Delaware), [[Shawnee]], [[Seneca people|Seneca]], and others tribes of western Pennsylvania and the [[Ohio Country]].<ref>Kevin Kenny, ''Peaceable Kingdom Lost: The Paxton Boys and the Destruction of William Penn's Holy Experiment'', Oxford University Press, 2009, pp. 119–126.</ref> Indigenous attacks occurred within 60 miles of Philadelphia, and in July 1763 the Pennsylvania Assembly authorized the raising of a 700-strong militia to be used only for defense. Formed into two units of rangers, the Cumberland Boys and the [[Paxton Boys]], the militia soon exceeded their mandate and began offensive forays against Lenape villages.<ref>Kenny, ''Peaceable Kingdom Lost'', pp. 69–75.</ref>

The Paxton Boys' leaders received information, which they believed credible, that "hostile" tribes were receiving information and support from the "friendly" tribe of Susquehannock (Conestoga) settled in Lancaster County, who were under the protection of the Pennsylvania government. On December 14, 1763, about fifty Paxton Boys rode to Conestoga Town, near Millersville, Pennsylvania, and murdered six Conestogas. Pennsylvanian authorities placed the remaining fourteen Conestogas in protective custody in the [[Lancaster, Pennsylvania|Lancaster]] workhouse, but the Paxton Boys broke in, killing and mutilating all fourteen on December 27, 1763.<ref>Kenny, ''Peaceable Kingdom Lost'', pp. 130–146.</ref>

In February 1764, the Paxton Boys with a few hundred backcountry settlers, primarily Scotch-Irish, marched on Philadelphia with the intent of killing the [[Moravian Indians]] who had been given shelter there. [[Benjamin Franklin]] led a delegation that met the marchers at [[Germantown, Philadelphia]]. Following negotiations the Paxton Boys agreed to disperse and submit their grievances in writing.<ref>Kenny, ''Peaceable Kingdom Lost'', pp. 161−171.</ref>
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