Romania

=== Independence and monarchy ===

{{Main|Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia|United Principalities|4 = Kingdom of Romania}}

The [[Treaty of Paris (1856)|Treaty of Paris]] put the Danubian Principalities under the collective guardianship of the [[International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919)|Great Powers]] in&nbsp;1856.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|pp=96–97}} After [[Ad hoc Divans|special assemblies]] convoked in Moldavia and Wallachia urged [[Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia|the unification of the two principalities]], the Great Powers did not prevent the election of [[Alexandru Ioan Cuza]] as their collective ''[[domnitor]]'' (or ruling prince) in January 1859.{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=108}} The [[United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia|united principalities]] officially adopted the name Romania on 21&nbsp;February 1862.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|pp=105–106}} Cuza's government carried out a series of reforms, including the secularisation of the property of monasteries and agrarian reform, but a coalition of conservative and radical politicians forced him to abdicate in February&nbsp;1866.{{sfn|Pop|1999|pp=109–111}}{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|pp=109–111}}

Cuza's successor, a German prince, [[Carol I of Romania|Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen]] (or Carol&nbsp;I), was elected in May.{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=111}} The parliament adopted the [[1866 Constitution of Romania|first constitution of Romania]] in the same year.{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=112}} The Great Powers acknowledged Romania's full independence at the [[Congress of Berlin]] and Carol&nbsp;I was crowned king in 1881.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=118}} The Congress also granted the Danube Delta and Dobruja to Romania.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=118}} Although Romanian scholars strove for the unification of all Romanians into a [[Greater Romania]], the government did not openly support their [[Irredentism|irredentist]] projects.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=166}}

The Transylvanian Romanians and Saxons wanted to maintain the separate status of Transylvania in the Habsburg Monarchy, but the [[Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867|Austro-Hungarian Compromise]] brought about the union of the province with Hungary in&nbsp;1867.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=157}} Ethnic Romanian politicians sharply opposed the Hungarian government's attempts to transform Hungary into a national state, especially the laws prescribing the obligatory teaching of Hungarian.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=118}} Leaders of the [[Romanian National Party]] proposed the federalisation of [[Austria-Hungary]] and the Romanian intellectuals established a cultural association to promote the use of Romanian.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=145}}{{sfn|Pop|1999|pp=118–119}}