Racial segregation

==== French Algeria ====

{{Main|French Algeria#Discrimination}}
{{See also|Indigénat|Assimilation (French colonialism)}}

Following its conquest of [[Ottoman empire|Ottoman]] controlled [[Algeria]] in 1830, for well over a century, France maintained [[French colonial empires|colonial rule]] in the territory which has been described as "quasi-[[apartheid]]".<ref name="Bell">{{Cite book |last=Bell |first=David Scott |title=Presidential Power in Fifth Republic France |publisher=Berg Publishers |year=2000 |page=36 |quote=Algeria was in fact a colony but constitutionally was a part of France and not thought of in the 1950s (even by many on the left) as a colony. It was a society of nine million or so 'Muslim' Algerians who were dominated by the million settlers of diverse origins (but fiercely French) who maintained a quasi-apartheid regime}}</ref> The colonial law of 1865 allowed Arab and [[Berbers|Berber]] Algerians to apply for [[French nationality law|French citizenship]] only if they abandoned their [[Islam in Algeria|Muslim]] identity; Azzedine Haddour argues that this established "the formal structures of a political apartheid".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Debra Kelly |title=Autobiography And Independence: Selfhood and Creativity in North African Postcolonial Writing in French |publisher=Liverpool University Press |year=2005 |page=43 |quote=...[the] ''senatus-consulte'' of 1865 stipulated that all the colonised indigenous were under French jurisdiction, i.e., French nationals subjected to French laws, but it restricted citizenship only to those who renounced their Muslim religion and culture. There was an obvious split in French legal discourse: a split between nationality and citizenship which established the formal structures of political apartheid encouraging the existence of 'French subjects' disenfranchised, without any citizenship rights, treated as objects of French law and not citizens}}</ref> Camille Bonora-Waisman writes that "in contrast with the Moroccan and Tunisian protectorates", this "colonial apartheid society" was unique to Algeria.<ref name="Bonora-Waisman">{{Cite book |last=Bonora-Waisman |first=Camille |title=France and the Algerian Conflict: Issues in Democracy and Political Stability, 1988–1995 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |year=2003 |page=3 |quote=In contrast with the Moroccan and Tunisian protectorates, Algeria was made an integral part of France and became a colony of settlement for more than one million Europeans... under colonial rule, Algerians encountered France's 'civilising mission' only through the plundering of lands and colonial apartheid society...}}</ref>

This "internal system of apartheid" met with considerable resistance from the Muslims affected by it, and is cited as one of the causes of the [[Toussaint Rouge|1954 insurrection]] and ensuing [[Algerian War|independence war]].<ref name="Wall">{{Cite book |last=Wall |first=Irwin M. |title=France, the United States, and the Algerian War |publisher=University of California Press |year=2001 |page=262 |quote=As a settler colony with an internal system of apartheid, administered under the fiction that it was part of metropolitan France, and endowed with a powerful colonial lobby that virtually determined the course of French politics with respect to its internal affairs, it experienced insurrection in 1954 on the part of its Muslim population}}</ref>