Quebec

===Modern Quebec (1960–present)===
[[File:Maitres chez nous 1962.jpg|upright=1.1|thumb|"{{lang|fr|Maîtres chez nous}}" was the electoral slogan of the Liberal Party during the 1962 election.]]
The [[Quiet Revolution]] was a period of intense modernization, secularization and social reform where, in a collective awakening, French Canadians clearly expressed their concern and dissatisfaction with their inferior [[Socioeconomic status|socioeconomic position]] and the cultural assimilation of francophone minorities in the English-majority provinces. It resulted, among many other things, in the formation of the modern Québécois identity and [[Quebec nationalism]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/fr/article/relations-francophones-anglophones|title=Relations francophones-anglophones|website=L'Encyclopédie Canadienne|date=March 4, 2015}}</ref><ref name="short history2">{{cite book|last1=Dickinson|first1=John|url=https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofqu0000dick_z9p8|title=A Short History of Quebec|last2=Young|first2=Brian|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press|year=2003|page=[https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofqu0000dick_z9p8/page/372 372]|url-access=registration}}</ref> In 1960, the Liberal Party of Quebec was brought to power with a two-seat majority, having campaigned with the slogan "{{lang|fr|C'est l'temps qu'ça change}}" ("It's time for things to change"). This government made many reforms in the fields of social policy, education, health and economic development. It created the [[Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec]], Labour Code, [[Ministry of Health and Social Services (Quebec)|Ministry of Social Affairs]], [[Ministry of Education and Higher Education (Quebec)|Ministry of Education]], {{Lang|fr|[[Office québécois de la langue française]]|italic=no}}, Régie des rentes and [[Investissement Québec|Société générale de financement]]. In 1962, the government of Quebec dismantled the financial syndicates of [[Saint Jacques Street]]. The same year, Quebec began to [[History of Hydro-Québec#1963: Second stage of state control|nationalize its electricity]]. In order to buy out all the private electric companies and build new [[Hydro-Québec]] dams, Quebec was lent $300 million by the US in 1962,<ref>{{cite web |title=Radio-Canada.ca / R D I / ZONE LIBRE |url=https://ici.radio-canada.ca/actualite/zonelibre/03-04/electricite.asp |website=ici.radio-canada.ca |access-date=13 March 2023}}</ref> and $100 million by [[British Columbia]] in 1964.<ref>{{cite news |title=Province Lending to Quebec |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/09/10/archives/province-lending-to-quebec.html |access-date=13 March 2023 |publisher=The New York Times |date=1964}}</ref>

The Quiet Revolution was particularly characterized by the 1962 Liberal Party's slogan "{{lang|fr|Maîtres chez nous}}" ("Masters in our own house"), which, to the Anglo-American conglomerates that dominated the economy and natural resources of Quebec, announced a collective will for freedom of the French-Canadian people.<ref>{{cite book|first=Jacques |last=Parizeau |title=La souveraineté du Québec : Hier, aujourd'hui et demain |publisher=Michel Brûlé |year=2009 |chapter=189 |isbn=9-782894-854556}}</ref> As a result of confrontations between the lower [[clergy]] and the [[laity]], state institutions began to deliver services without the assistance of the church, and many parts of [[civil society]] began to be more secular. During the [[Second Vatican Council]], the reform of Quebec's institutions was overseen and supported by the [[Holy See]]. In 1965, the [[Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ledevoir.com/opinion/idees/515763/bilinguisme-et-biculturalisme-un-plaidoyer-en-faveur-de-la-dualite-canadienne|title=Un plaidoyer en faveur de la dualité canadienne|website=Le Devoir|accessdate=July 29, 2019}}</ref> wrote a preliminary report underlining Quebec's distinct character, and promoted open federalism, a political attitude guaranteeing Quebec to a minimum amount of consideration.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sqrc.gouv.qc.ca/relations-canadiennes/federalisme/quebec-fil-du-temps.asp#26|title=Le Québec au fil du temps |publisher= Secrétariat du Québec aux relations canadiennes|accessdate=July 29, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://archives.radio-canada.ca/politique/provincial_territorial/dossiers/592/|title=La Commission Laurendeau-Dunton|website=Les Archives de Radio-Canada|accessdate=July 29, 2019|archive-date=March 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328195017/http://archives.radio-canada.ca/politique/provincial_territorial/dossiers/592/|url-status=dead}}</ref> To favour Quebec during its Quiet Revolution, [[Lester B. Pearson]] adopted a policy of open federalism.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/scripts/explore.php?Lang=2&tableid=11&tablename=theme&elementid=108__true&contentlong|title=Les relations Québec-Canada|publisher=Musée McCord Museum|accessdate=July 29, 2019|archive-date=March 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328214905/http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/scripts/explore.php?Lang=2&tableid=11&tablename=theme&elementid=108__true&contentlong|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/fr/article/lester-bowles-pearson|title=Lester Bowles Pearson|website=L'Encyclopédie Canadienne|last=Bothwell|first=Robert|date=February 10, 2021}}</ref> In 1966, the Union Nationale was re-elected and continued on with major reforms.<ref>{{cite web |language=French |publisher=Université de Sherbrooke |title=Daniel Johnson (1915-1968): Homme politique |url=http://bilan.usherbrooke.ca/bilan/pages/biographies/131.html |accessdate=January 10, 2021}}</ref>
[[File:René Lévesque BAnQ P243S1D865.jpg|thumb|left|[[René Lévesque]], one of the architects of the Quiet Revolution, and the Premier of Quebec's first modern sovereignist government]]

In 1967, President of France [[Charles de Gaulle]] visited Quebec, the first French head of state to do so, to attend [[Expo 67]]. There, he addressed a crowd of more than 100,000, making a speech ending with the exclamation: "{{lang|fr|cat=no|[[Vive le Québec libre]]!}}" ("Long live free Quebec"). This declaration had a profound effect on Quebec by bolstering the burgeoning modern [[Quebec sovereignty movement]] and resulting in a political crisis between France and Canada. Following this, various civilian groups developed, sometimes confronting public authority, for example in the [[October Crisis]] of 1970.<ref name="Tetley2006AppendixD2">{{Cite book|last=Tetley|first=William|url=https://www.mcgill.ca/maritimelaw/crisis/|title=The October Crisis, 1970: An Insider's View|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7735-3118-5|chapter=Appendix D: The Crisis per se (in chronological order&nbsp;— October 5, 1970, to December 29, 1970) – English text|oclc=300346822|author-link=William Tetley|access-date=August 22, 2017|archive-date=June 14, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090614020742/http://www.mcgill.ca/maritimelaw/crisis/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The meetings of the [[Estates General of French Canada]] in November 1967 marked a tipping point where relations between [[French America|francophones of America]], and especially francophones of Canada, ruptured. This breakdown greatly affected Quebec society's evolution.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/fr/article/etats-generaux-du-canada-francais |title=États généraux du Canada français|work= L'Encyclopédie Canadienne|date=July 29, 2019}}</ref>

In 1968, [[class conflict]]s and changes in mentalities intensified.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://academic.oup.com/ahr/article/123/3/773/5025397|title=Canada's '1968' and Historical Sensibilities|first=Bryan D.|last=Palmer|date=June 1, 2018|number=3|pages=773–778|doi=10.1093/ahr/123.3.773}}.</ref> That year, [[An Option for Quebec|Option Quebec]] sparked a constitutional debate on the political future of the province by pitting [[Federalism in Quebec|federalist]] and [[Quebec sovereignty movement|sovereignist]] doctrines against each other. In 1969, the federal [[Official Languages Act (Canada)|Official Languages Act]] was passed to introduce a linguistic context conducive to Quebec's development.<ref>{{cite web |date=February 6, 2018 |title=Grandeur et misère de l'utopie bilingue au Canada |url=https://www.ledevoir.com/opinion/idees/519398/grandeur-et-misere-de-l-utopie-bilingue-au-canada |website=Le Devoir}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Laurendeau |first=Paul |date=May 17, 2019 |title=Loi sur les langues officielles (1969) |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/fr/article/langues-officielles-1969-loi-sur-les |website=L'Encyclopédie Canadienne}}</ref> In 1973, the liberal government of [[Robert Bourassa]] initiated the [[James Bay Project]] on [[La Grande River]]. In 1974, it enacted the [[Official Language Act (Quebec)|Official Language Act]], which made French the official language of Quebec. In 1975, it established the [[Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms|Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms]] and the [[James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement]].

Quebec's first modern sovereignist government, led by [[René Lévesque]], materialized when the [[Parti Québécois]] was brought to power in the [[1976 Quebec general election]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Élections québécoises de 1976|url=http://bilan.usherbrooke.ca/bilan/pagesElections.jsp?annee=1976|publisher=Université de Sherbrooke|accessdate=September 12, 2021|archive-date=March 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309130041/http://bilan.usherbrooke.ca/bilan/pagesElections.jsp?annee=1976|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Charter of the French Language]] came into force the following year, which increased the use of French in the province. Between 1966 and 1969, the Estates General of French Canada confirmed the [[state of Quebec]] to be the [[nation-state|nation's fundamental political milieu]] and for it to have the right to [[self-determination]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Déclaration préliminaire sur le droit d'autodétermination|date=November 24, 1967}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=États généraux du Canada français|url=http://bibnum2.banq.qc.ca/bna/actionnationale/src/1968/02/03/02/1968-02-03-02.pdf |title=Débats sur la déclaration préliminaire : Partage des opinions|via= Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec|date=November 1967}}</ref> In the [[1980 Quebec referendum|1980 referendum]] on sovereignty, 60% of the votes were against.<ref>{{cite web|title=The 1980 Quebec Referendum|url=http://archives.cbc.ca/politics/constitution/topics/1092-6040/|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080531220955/http://archives.cbc.ca/politics/constitution/topics/1092-6040/|archivedate=May 31, 2008|accessdate=June 29, 2011|work=Facts and results|publisher=CBC}}</ref> After the referendum, Lévesque went back to Ottawa to start negotiating constitutional changes. On the night of November 4, 1981, the [[Kitchen Accord]] took place. Delegations from the other nine provinces and the federal government reached an agreement in the absence of Quebec's delegation, which had left for the night.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ledevoir.com/opinion/libre-opinion/496450/le-rapatriement-de-1982-trahison-et-fin-d-un-mythe|title=Le rapatriement de 1982: trahison et fin d'un mythe |last=Paquette |first=Gilbert |date=April 17, 2017 |website=Le Devoir}}</ref> Because of this, the National Assembly refused to recognize the new [[Constitution Act, 1982]], which patriated the Canadian constitution and made numerous modifications to it.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sqrc.gouv.qc.ca/affaires-intergouvernementales/positions-historiques/motions/1981-12-01.pdf |title=Résolution de l'Assemblée nationale du Québec sur les conditions sans lesquelles le Québec ne peut accepter le rapatriement de la Constitution canadienne, 1er décembre 1981 |publisher=Government of Quebec |accessdate=August 16, 2021}}</ref> The 1982 amendments apply to Quebec despite Quebec never having consented to it.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Constitution, Patriation of|encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia|url=http://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/patriation-of-the-constitution/|last=Sheppard|first=Robert|date=May 4, 2020}}</ref>

Between 1982 and 1992, the Quebec government's attitude changed to prioritize reforming the federation. The subsequent attempts at constitutional amendments by the [[Brian Mulroney|Mulroney]] and Bourassa governments ended in failure with both the [[Meech Lake Accord]] of 1987 and the [[Charlottetown Accord]] of 1992, resulting in the creation of the [[Bloc Québécois]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Busta |last2=Hui |first2=Ann|first1=Shannon|title=Bloc Québécois through the years|work=The Globe and Mail |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/bloc-qubcois-through-the-years/article2008669/|url-status=dead|accessdate=June 29, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110509013937/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/bloc-qubcois-through-the-years/article2008669/|archivedate=May 9, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/fr/article/accord-de-charlottetown|title=Accord de Charlottetown|encyclopedia=L'Encyclopédie Canadienne|date=May 7, 2020}}</ref> In 1995, Jacques Parizeau called a [[1995 Quebec referendum|referendum on Quebec's independence]] from Canada. This consultation ended in failure for sovereignists, though the outcome was very close: 50.6% "no" and 49.4% "yes".<ref name="1995 facts2">{{cite web|last=Directeur général des élections du Québec|title=Référendum de 1995|url=http://www.quebecpolitique.com/elections-et-referendums/referendums-quebecois/referendum-de-1995/|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808031154/http://www.quebecpolitique.com/elections-et-referendums/referendums-quebecois/referendum-de-1995/|archivedate=August 8, 2011|accessdate=June 29, 2011|work=Information and results|publisher=Quebec Politic}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |chapter=Les immigrants : sortir de l'ethnicité |title=Les raisons fortes: Nature et signification de l'appui à la souveraineté du Québec |last1=Gagné |first1=Gilles |last2=Langlois |first2=Simon |url=https://books.openedition.org/pum/12348?lang=fr |language=fr |publisher=University of Montreal Press |pages=101–109 |date=2002 |doi=10.4000/books.pum.12348 |isbn=9791036504556}}</ref> The [[Unity Rally]], a controversial event paid for by sponsors outside Quebec, supporting the "no" side, took place on the eve of the referendum.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lactualite.com/actualites/referendum-de-1995-le-love-in-du-camp-du-non-naurait-pas-servi-a-grand-chose/ |title=Référendum de 1995: le «love-in» du camp du Non n'aurait pas servi à grand-chose |work=L'actualité |last=Lévesque |first=Catherine |agency=The Canadian Press |date=March 3, 2020}}</ref>

In 1998, following the [[Supreme Court of Canada]]'s decision on the [[Reference Re Secession of Quebec]], the Parliaments of Canada and Quebec defined the [[Clarity Act|legal frameworks]] within which their respective governments would act in another referendum. On October 30, 2003, the National Assembly voted unanimously to affirm "that the people of Québec form a nation".<ref>{{cite web |date=October 30, 2003 |title=Résolution unanime sur la nation québécoise |trans-title=Resolution by the National Assembly of Québec|url=http://www.saic.gouv.qc.ca/publications/resolutions/20031030_en.pdf|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728013918/http://www.saic.gouv.qc.ca/publications/resolutions/20031030_en.pdf|archivedate=July 28, 2013|accessdate=September 29, 2013}}</ref> On November 27, 2006, the House of Commons passed a [[Québécois nation motion|symbolic motion]] declaring "that this House recognize that the Québécois form a nation within a united Canada."<ref>{{cite web|work=Hansard|title= 39th Parliament, 1st Session; No. 087|date= November 27, 2006|url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?DocId=2544166&File=0&Language=E&Mode=1&Parl=39&Pub=hansard&Ses=1#SOB-1798651|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002113653/http://www.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?DocId=2544166&File=0&Language=E&Mode=1&Parl=39&Pub=hansard&Ses=1#SOB-1798651|archivedate=October 2, 2013}}</ref> In March 2007, the Parti Québécois was pushed back to official opposition in the National Assembly, with the Liberal party leading. During the [[2011 Canadian federal election]]s, Quebec voters rejected the Bloc Québécois in favour of the previously minor [[New Democratic Party]] (NDP). As the NDP's logo is orange, this was called the "orange wave".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ledevoir.com/opinion/idees/447949/elections-federales-retour-sur-la-vague-orange-de-2011|title=Retour sur la vague orange de 2011|website=Le Devoir |last=Rocher |first=François |date=August 20, 2015 }}</ref> After three subsequent Liberal governments, the Parti Québécois regained power in 2012 and its leader, [[Pauline Marois]], became the first female premier of Quebec.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Élections québécoises de 2012|url=http://bilan.usherbrooke.ca/bilan/pagesElections.jsp?annee=2012|accessdate=August 4, 2021|publisher=University of Sherbrooke|archive-date=September 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923060037/http://bilan.usherbrooke.ca/bilan/pagesElections.jsp?annee=2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Liberal Party of Quebec then returned to power in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Élections québécoises de 2014|url=http://bilan.usherbrooke.ca/bilan/pagesElections.jsp?annee=2014|accessdate=August 4, 2021|publisher=University of Sherbrooke|archive-date=June 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621230545/http://bilan.usherbrooke.ca/bilan/pagesElections.jsp?annee=2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2018, the [[Coalition Avenir Québec]] won the [[2018 Quebec general election|provincial general elections]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=International |first1=Radio Canada |title=Quebec’s provincial election: What does it signal for Canada, maybe the world? |url=https://www.rcinet.ca/en/2018/10/04/quebecs-provincial-election-what-does-it-signal-for-canada-maybe-the-world/ |website=RCI {{!}} English |date=4 October 2018}}</ref> Between 2020 and 2021, Quebec took measures to protect itself against the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Quebec|COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Québec |url=https://www.quebec.ca/en/health/health-issues/a-z/2019-coronavirus |website=Gouvernement du Québec |language=en}}</ref> In 2022, Coalition Avenir Québec, led by Quebec's premier [[François Legault]], increased its parliamentary majority in the [[2022 Quebec general election|provincial general elections.]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Onishi |first1=Norimitsu |title=Embracing Nationalism, a Canadian Provincial Leader Wins Re-election |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/03/world/canada/quebec-general-election-results.html |work=The New York Times |date=4 October 2022}}</ref>

<gallery caption="Territorial evolution of Quebec" widths="150px" heights="100px" class="center">
File:Canada (New France) Location Map.svg|[[Canada (New France)|Canada]] in the 18th century.
File:Province of Quebec 1763, 1774, 1784.gif|The [[Province of Quebec (1763–1791)|Province of Quebec]] from 1763 to 1783.
File:Évolution territoriale du Bas-Canada.gif|[[Lower Canada]] from 1791 to 1841. ([[Patriots' War]] in 1837, [[Canada East]] in 1841)
File:Évolution territoriale du Québec.gif|Quebec from 1867 to 1927. 
File:Disputed territory between Quebec and Labrador map-blank.svg|Quebec today. Quebec (in blue) has a border dispute with [[Newfoundland and Labrador|Labrador]] (in red).
</gallery>