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Do not fill this in! == Geography == {{Main|Geography of the Philippines|List of islands of the Philippines}} [[File:Relief Map Of The Philippines.png|thumb|upright=1.1|alt=Map of the Philippines, color-coded by elevation|The Philippines is generally mountainous; uplands make up 65 percent of the country's total land area.<ref name="Wernstedt-1967" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Pn0Pfh1Cl0C&pg=PA38|name=38}}}}<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2dIXAAAAYAAJ |title=A Pocket Guide to the Philippines |date=1982 |publisher=[[American Forces Information Service]], [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] |isbn=<!-- ISBN unspecified --> |location=Washington, D.C. |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=2dIXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA7 7] |language=en |oclc=989862194 |access-date=February 22, 2023 |archive-date=March 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306103622/https://books.google.com/books?id=2dIXAAAAYAAJ |url-status=live }} {{No ISBN}}</ref>]] The Philippines is an [[archipelago]] of about 7,641 [[List of islands of the Philippines|islands]],<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||date=June 4, 2019 |title=Know before you go: the Philippines |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/partner-content-know-before-you-go-the-philippines |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217161952/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/partner-content-know-before-you-go-the-philippines |archive-date=February 17, 2021 |access-date=April 4, 2021 |website=[[National Geographic]]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||date=February 20, 2016 |title=More islands, more fun in PH |work=[[CNN Philippines]] |url=http://cnnphilippines.com/videos/2016/02/20/More-islands-more-fun-in-PH.html |access-date=July 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620024729/http://cnnphilippines.com/videos/2016/02/20/More-islands-more-fun-in-PH.html |archive-date=June 20, 2018}}</ref> covering a total area (including inland bodies of water) of about {{convert|300000|km2|sqmi|sp=us|0}}.<ref name="NAMRIAGovPH-InfoMapper-1991">{{Cite journal |date=December 1991 |title=Land Use and Land Classification of the Philippines |url=http://www.namria.gov.ph/jdownloads/Info_Mapper/00a_im_dec911.pdf |journal=Infomapper |publisher=[[National Mapping and Resource Information Authority]] |volume=1 |issue=2 |page=10 |issn=0117-1674 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122012339/http://www.namria.gov.ph/jdownloads/Info_Mapper/00a_im_dec911.pdf |archive-date=January 22, 2021}}</ref><ref name="Boquet-2017">{{Cite book|last=Boquet|first=Yves|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90C4DgAAQBAJ|title=The Philippine Archipelago|publisher=[[Springer International Publishing|Springer]]|year=2017|isbn=978-3-319-51926-5|series=Springer Geography|location=Cham, Switzerland|access-date=April 25, 2023|archive-date=February 3, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203074433/https://books.google.com/books?id=90C4DgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|page=15}}<ref name="CIAWorldFactBook" />{{efn|name=land-area|The actual area of the Philippines is {{convert|343448|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|sp=us}} according to some sources.<ref>{{cite report|title=Achieving Sustainable Urban Development Project; Philippines; Summary Report |url=http://unhabitat.org.ph/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Volume-1-ASUD-4-HIRES.compressed.pdf |publisher=[[United Nations Human Settlements Programme|UN-Habitat]] |access-date=March 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826232930/http://unhabitat.org.ph/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Volume-1-ASUD-4-HIRES.compressed.pdf |archive-date=August 26, 2018 |page=1 |date=2016}}</ref>}} Stretching {{convert|1850|km|sp=us}} north to south,<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Philippines – Places in the News |url=https://www.loc.gov/today/placesinthenews/archive/2008arch/20080624_philippines.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625233633/https://www.loc.gov/today/placesinthenews/archive/2008arch/20080624_philippines.html |archive-date=June 25, 2008 |access-date=March 13, 2023 |publisher=[[Library of Congress]]}}</ref> from the [[South China Sea]] to the [[Celebes Sea]],<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Hogan |first=C. Michael |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia of Earth]] |date=August 19, 2011 |title=Celebes Sea |url=http://www.eoearth.org/article/Celebes_Sea?topic=49523 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120729042251/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Celebes_Sea?topic=49523 |archive-date=July 29, 2012 |access-date=February 5, 2023}}</ref> the Philippines [[Borders of the Philippines|is bordered]] by the [[Philippine Sea]] to the east,<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encarta]] |title=Philippine Sea |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761580288/Philippine_Sea.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090820123304/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761580288/Philippine_Sea.html |archive-date=August 20, 2009}} on August 20, 2009).</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |title=Philippine Sea |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Philippine-Sea |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714194604/https://www.britannica.com/place/Philippine-Sea |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=February 9, 2021}}</ref> and the [[Sulu Sea]] to the southwest.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Philippines – A country profile |url=https://www.eyeonasia.gov.sg/asean-countries/know/overview-of-asean-countries/philippines-a-country-profile/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926140334/https://www.eyeonasia.gov.sg/asean-countries/know/overview-of-asean-countries/philippines-a-country-profile/ |archive-date=September 26, 2020 |access-date=February 26, 2023 |website=Eye on Asia |publisher=[[Government of Singapore]] |language=en}}</ref> The [[List of islands of the Philippines|country's 11 largest islands]] are [[Luzon]], [[Mindanao]], [[Samar]], [[Negros]], [[Palawan (island)|Palawan]], [[Panay]], [[Mindoro]], [[Leyte]], [[Cebu (island)|Cebu]], [[Bohol]] and [[Masbate (island)|Masbate]], about 95 percent of its total land area.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chaffee |first1=Frederic H. |last2=Aurell |first2=George E. |last3=Barth |first3=Helen A. |last4=Betters |first4=Elinor C. |last5=Cort |first5=Ann S. |last6=Dombrowski |first6=John H. |last7=Fasano |first7=Vincent J. |last8=Weaver |first8=John O. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=83UsAAAAYAAJ |title=Area Handbook for the Philippines |date=February 1969 |publisher=[[U.S. Government Printing Office]] |isbn=<!-- ISBN unspecified --> |location=Washington, D.C. |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=83UsAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA6 6] |language=en |oclc=19734 |access-date=March 9, 2023 |archive-date=April 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407033448/https://books.google.com/books?id=83UsAAAAYAAJ |url-status=live }} {{No ISBN}}</ref> The Philippines' coastline measures {{convert|36289|km|mi|sp=us}}, the world's [[List of countries by length of coastline|fifth-longest]],<ref><!--says the coastline is 36,289 km and that only Canada, Russia, Indonesia, and Greenland have longer coastlines-->{{#invoke:cite web||title=Field Listing – Coastline |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2060.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004524/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2060.html |archive-date=June 13, 2007 |access-date=February 5, 2023 |website=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref> and the [[exclusive economic zone of the Philippines|country's exclusive economic zone]] covers {{convert|2263816|km²|sqmi|abbr=on|sp=us}}.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Fisheries, Ecosystems and Biodiversity; Catches by Taxon in the waters of Philippines |url=http://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez/608?chart=catch-chart&dimension=taxon&measure=tonnage&limit=10 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230205081936/http://www.seaaroundus.org/data/%23/eez/608?chart=catch-chart&dimension=taxon&measure=tonnage&limit=10 |archive-date=February 5, 2023 |access-date=February 5, 2023 |publisher=[[Sea Around Us (organization)|Sea Around Us]]}}</ref> Its [[List of mountains in the Philippines|highest mountain]] is [[Mount Apo]] on Mindanao, with an altitude of {{convert|2954|m|ft|sp=us}} above sea level.<ref name="CIAWorldFactBook" /> The Philippines' [[List of rivers of the Philippines|longest river]] is the [[Cagayan River]] in northern Luzon, which flows for about {{convert|520|km||abbr=|sp=us}}.<ref>{{cite report|last=College of Forestry and Natural Resources, [[University of the Philippines Los Baños]] |title=Climate-Responsive Integrated Master Plan for Cagayan River Basin; Volume I – Executive Summary |url=https://riverbasin.denr.gov.ph/masterplans/cagayanexecutivesummary.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730173552/https://riverbasin.denr.gov.ph/masterplans/cagayanexecutivesummary.pdf |archive-date=July 30, 2020 |access-date=July 30, 2020 |website=River Basin Control Office |publisher=[[Department of Environment and Natural Resources]] |page=5}}</ref> [[Manila Bay]], on which is the capital city of [[Manila]],<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Wolanski |editor-first1=Eric |title=The Environment in Asia Pacific Harbours |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=udK-kt3cQCsC |date=2006 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |location=Dordrecht, Netherlands |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=udK-kt3cQCsC&pg=PA309 309–328] |chapter=Chapter 19: Manila Bay: Environmental Challenges and Opportunities |isbn=978-1-4020-3654-5 |access-date=March 21, 2023 |archive-date=March 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321055842/https://books.google.com/books?id=udK-kt3cQCsC |url-status=live }}</ref> is connected to [[Laguna de Bay]]<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Laguna de Bay |url=https://llda.gov.ph/laguna-de-bay/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618040407/https://llda.gov.ph/laguna-de-bay/ |archive-date=June 18, 2020 |access-date=August 18, 2007 |publisher=[[Laguna Lake Development Authority]]}}</ref> (the country's [[List of lakes of the Philippines|largest lake]]) by the [[Pasig River]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last1=Murphy |first1=Denis |last2=Anana |first2=Ted |date=2004 |title=Pasig River Rehabilitation Program |url=http://www.hic-net.org/document.asp?PID=197 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012123338/http://www.hic-net.org/document.asp?PID=197 |archive-date=October 12, 2007 |publisher=[[Habitat International Coalition]]}}</ref> On the western fringes of the Pacific [[Ring of Fire]], the Philippines has frequent seismic and volcanic activity.<ref name="Rodell-2002">{{cite book |last=Rodell |first=Paul A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y1CVR74_KHQC |title=Culture and Customs of the Philippines |series=Culture and Customs of Asia |date=2002 |publisher=[[Greenwood Press]] |location=Westport, Conn. |isbn=978-0-313-30415-6 |access-date=August 22, 2020 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203074324/https://books.google.com/books?id=y1CVR74_KHQC |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y1CVR74_KHQC&pg=PA4|name=4}}}} The region is [[Seismology|seismically]] active, and has been [[Subduction tectonics of the Philippines|constructed by plates]] converging towards each other from multiple directions.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Berckhemer |editor-first1=H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4jQavSJCro4C |title=Alpine-Mediterranean Geodynamics |series=Geodynamics Series |volume=7 |editor-last2=Hsü |editor-first2=K. |date=1982 |publisher=[[American Geophysical Union]] |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=978-978-087-590-9 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=4jQavSJCro4C&pg=RA1-PA31 31] |language=en |access-date=March 11, 2022 |archive-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212195929/https://books.google.com/books?id=4jQavSJCro4C |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Frohlich |first=Cliff |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-lZGdmBwSPkC |title=Deep Earthquakes |date=May 4, 2006 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge, England |isbn=978-0-521-82869-7 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=-lZGdmBwSPkC&pg=PA421 421] |access-date=March 11, 2022 |archive-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212195927/https://books.google.com/books?id=-lZGdmBwSPkC |url-status=live }}</ref> About five earthquakes are recorded daily, although most are too weak to be felt.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rantucci |first1=Giovanni |last2=Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology |author-link2=Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology |date=1994 |title=Geological Disasters in the Philippines; The July 1990 Earthquake and the June 1991 Eruption of Mount Pinatubo; Description, Effects, and Lessons Learned |chapter=Chapter 2: Overview of Past and Recent Disasters in the Philippines |url=https://www.eird.org/estrategias/pdf/eng/doc13258/doc13258-2.pdf |publisher=[[Presidency of the Council of Ministers (Italy)|Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri]], Dipt. per l'Informazione e l'Editoria |location=Rome, Italy |isbn=978-1-4752-3936-2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530050031/https://www.eird.org/estrategias/pdf/eng/doc13258/doc13258-2.pdf |archive-date=May 30, 2012 |access-date=February 25, 2022 |via=[[United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction]] |page=24}}</ref> The [[List of earthquakes in the Philippines|last major earthquakes]] were in 1976 in the [[1976 Moro Gulf earthquake|Moro Gulf]] and in 1990 on [[1990 Luzon earthquake|Luzon]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Rinard Hinga |first=Bethany D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VHq1BgAAQBAJ |encyclopedia=Ring of Fire: An Encyclopedia of the Pacific Rim's Earthquakes, Tsunamis, and Volcanoes |title=Philippines |date=March 17, 2015 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=978-1-61069-297-7 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VHq1BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA249 249]}}</ref> The Philippines has [[List of active volcanoes in the Philippines|23 active volcanoes]]; of them, [[Mayon]], [[Taal Volcano|Taal]], [[Mount Canlaon|Canlaon]], and [[Mount Bulusan|Bulusan]] have the largest number of recorded eruptions.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Volcanoes of the Philippines |url=https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php/volcano-hazard/volcanoes-of-the-philippines |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806190713/https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php/volcano-hazard/volcanoes-of-the-philippines |archive-date=August 6, 2017 |access-date=July 24, 2020 |publisher=[[Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology]]}}</ref><ref name="Boquet-2017" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90C4DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA26|name=26}}}} The country has valuable<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Esplanada |first=Jerry E. |date=March 1, 2012 |title=Philippines sits on $840B of mine—US |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=https://business.inquirer.net/47013/philippines-sits-on-840-b-of-mine—us |access-date=July 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302194026/https://business.inquirer.net/47013/philippines-sits-on-840-b-of-mine%E2%80%94us |archive-date=March 2, 2012}}</ref> mineral deposits as a result of its complex geologic structure and high level of seismic activity.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bryner |first=Leonid |date=September 1, 1969 |title=Ore Deposits of the Philippines Their Geology |journal=[[Economic Geology (journal)|Economic Geology]] |publisher=Economic Geology Publishing Company |volume=64 |issue=6 |pages=645–647 |citeseerx=10.1.1.875.7878 |doi=10.2113/gsecongeo.64.6.644}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Santos |first=Gabriel Jr. |title=Metallogenetische und Geochemische Provinzen / Metallogenetic and Geochemical Provinces |chapter=Mineral Distribution and Geological Features of the Philippines |date=1974 |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |volume=1 |page=89 |doi=10.1007/978-3-7091-4065-9_8 |isbn=978-3-211-81249-5}}</ref> It is thought to have the world's second-largest gold deposits (after South Africa), large copper deposits,<ref name="NYTimes-Miners">{{#invoke:cite news||last1=Greenlees |first1=Donald |date=May 14, 2008 |title=Miners shun mineral wealth of the Philippines |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/14/business/worldbusiness/14iht-mine.1.12876764.html |access-date=July 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511224056/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/14/business/worldbusiness/14iht-mine.1.12876764.html |archive-date=May 11, 2011}}</ref> and the world's largest deposits of [[palladium]].<ref name="Inquirer-FirmSeesMetal">{{#invoke:cite news||last=Cinco |first=Maricar |date=June 3, 2016 |title=Firm sees metal costlier than gold in Romblon sea |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/788940/firm-sees-metal-costlier-than-gold-in-romblon-sea |access-date=July 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724163335/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/788940/firm-sees-metal-costlier-than-gold-in-romblon-sea |archive-date=July 24, 2020}}</ref> Other minerals include [[chromium]], [[nickel]], [[molybdenum]], [[platinum]], and [[zinc]].<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Ramos |editor-first1=Socorro B. |editor-last2=Quiniquini |editor-first2=Salvador M. |title=The Philippines: a Handbook of Economic Facts and General Information |date=1966 |publisher=[[Department of Trade and Industry (Philippines)|Department of Commerce and Industry]], Research and Information Division |isbn=<!-- ISBN unspecified --> |location=Manila, Philippines |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vjmxAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA51 51] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vjmxAAAAIAAJ |language=en |oclc=63394 |access-date=April 7, 2023 |archive-date=April 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418081259/https://books.google.com/books?id=vjmxAAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, poor management and law enforcement, opposition from indigenous communities, and past environmental damage have left these resources largely untapped.<ref name="NYTimes-Miners" /><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Schneider |first=Keith |date=June 8, 2017 |title=The Philippines, a nation rich in precious metals, encounters powerful opposition to mining |work=[[Mongabay]] |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2017/06/the-philippines-a-nation-rich-in-precious-metals-encounters-powerful-opposition-to-mining/ |access-date=July 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710043841/https://news.mongabay.com/2017/06/the-philippines-a-nation-rich-in-precious-metals-encounters-powerful-opposition-to-mining/ |archive-date=July 10, 2017}}</ref> === Biodiversity === {{Main|Wildlife of the Philippines}} {{See also|List of threatened species of the Philippines}} [[File:Carabao.jpg|thumb|alt=Water buffalo with large, curved horns, seen from above|The [[carabao]] is the national animal of the Philippines. It symbolizes, strength, power, efficiency, perseverance and hard work.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Philippine Historical Association |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W4C6AAAAIAAJ |title=Philippine Presidents: 100 Years |last2=New Day Publishers |publisher=[[Philippine Historical Association]] |year=1999 |location=Quezon City, Philippines |isbn=978-971-10-1027-0 |page=338 |access-date=March 11, 2023 |archive-date=March 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311174135/https://books.google.com/books?id=W4C6AAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>]] The Philippines is a [[megadiverse countries|megadiverse country]],<ref name="Berba-Matias-2022">{{cite journal|last1=Berba |first1=Carmela Maria P. |last2=Matias |first2=Ambrocio Melvin A. |title=State of biodiversity documentation in the Philippines: Metadata gaps, taxonomic biases, and spatial biases in the DNA barcode data of animal and plant taxa in the context of species occurrence data |journal=[[PeerJ]] |date=March 21, 2022 |volume=10 |doi=10.7717/peerj.13146 |pmid=35341040 |at=Introduction |pmc=8944339 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|last1=Williams |first1=Jann |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/soe/2001/publications/theme-reports/biodiversity/biodiversity01-3.html |title=Biodiversity Theme Report: The Meaning, Significance and Implications of Biodiversity (continued) |last2=Read |first2=Cassia |last3=Norton |first3=Tony |last4=Dovers |first4=Steve |last5=Burgman |first5=Mark |last6=Proctor |first6=Wendy |last7=Anderson |first7=Heather |publisher=[[CSIRO]] on behalf of the Australian Government [[Department of the Environment and Heritage]] |year=2001 |location=Collingwood, Victoria, Australia |isbn=978-0-643-06749-3 |access-date=November 6, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070514125559/http://www.environment.gov.au/soe/2001/publications/theme-reports/biodiversity/biodiversity01-3.html |archive-date=May 14, 2007 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> with some of the world's highest rates of discovery and [[List of ecoregions with high endemism|endemism]] (67 percent).<ref name="OECD-2017April">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E6-gDgAAQBAJ |title=OECD Food and Agricultural Reviews Agricultural Policies in the Philippines |date=April 7, 2017 |publisher=[[OECD|OECD Publishing]] |location=Paris, France |isbn=978-92-64-26908-8 |doi=10.1787/9789264269088-en |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=E6-gDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA78 78] |language=en |access-date=March 9, 2023 |archive-date=May 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509130815/https://books.google.com/books?id=E6-gDgAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia of Earth]] |date=January 10, 2008 |title=Biological diversity in the Philippines |url=http://www.eoearth.org/article/Biological_diversity_in_the_Philippines |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218154050/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Biological_diversity_in_the_Philippines |archive-date=February 18, 2008 |access-date=May 4, 2013 |editor-last1=McGinley |editor-first1=Mark}}</ref> With an [[Flora of the Philippines|estimated 13,500 plant species]] in the country (3,500 of which are endemic),<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Clemen-Pascual |first1=Lydia M. |last2=Macahig |first2=Rene Angelo S. |last3=Rojas |first3=Nina Rosario L. |title=Comparative toxicity, phytochemistry, and use of 53 Philippine medicinal plants |journal=Toxicology Reports |publisher=[[Elsevier|Elsevier Scientific Publishers Ireland]]|date=2022 |volume=9 |pages=22–35 |doi=10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.12.002 |pmid=34976744 |pmc=8685920 |issn=2214-7500 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Philippine rain forests have an array of flora:<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||date=February 18, 2014 |title=Hub of Life: Species Diversity in the Philippines |url=http://fpe.ph/biodiversity.html/view/hub-of-life-species-diversity-in-the-philippines |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916011731/http://fpe.ph/biodiversity.html/view/hub-of-life-species-diversity-in-the-philippines |archive-date=September 16, 2015 |access-date=July 5, 2020 |publisher=Foundation for the Philippine Environment}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Taguinod |first=Fioro |date=November 20, 2008 |title=Rare flower species found only in northern Philippines |language=en |work=[[GMA News Online|GMANews.TV]] |url=http://www.gmanews.tv/story/134682/Rare-flower-species-found-only-in-northern-Philippines |access-date=February 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219210524/http://www.gmanews.tv/story/134682/Rare-flower-species-found-only-in-northern-Philippines |archive-date=February 19, 2009}}</ref> about 3,500 species of trees,<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Schulte |editor-first1=Andreas |editor-last2=Schöne |editor-first2=Dieter Hans-Friedrich |title=Dipterocarp Forest Ecosystems: Towards Sustainable Management |date=1996 |publisher=[[World Scientific]] |location=Singapore |isbn=978-981-02-2729-6 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=oHNzvs02F5wC&pg=PA494 494] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oHNzvs02F5wC |language=en}}</ref> 8,000 [[flowering plant]] species, 1,100 [[fern]]s, and 998 [[List of the orchids of the Philippines|orchid]] species<ref>{{cite journal|last=Agoo |first=Esperanza Maribel G. |date=June 2007 |title=Status of Orchid Taxonomy Research in the Philippines |url=http://asbp.org.ph/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/907-3032-2-PB.pdf |journal=Philippine Journal of Systematic Biology |publisher=Association of Systematic Biologists of the Philippines |volume=1 |issue=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407154939/https://asbp.org.ph/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/907-3032-2-PB.pdf |archive-date=April 7, 2020 |access-date=July 23, 2020}}</ref> have been identified.<ref name="Sajise-2010">{{cite book |editor-last1=Sajise |editor-first1=Percy E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=orX6zp38uwAC |title=Moving Forward: Southeast Asian Perspectives on Climate Change and Biodiversity |editor-last2=Ticsay |editor-first2=Mariliza V. |editor-last3=Saguiguit |editor-first3=Gil Jr. C. |date=February 10, 2010 |publisher=[[ISEAS - Yusof Ishak Institute|Institute of Southeast Asian Studies]] |location=Singapore |isbn=978-981-230-978-5 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=orX6zp38uwAC&pg=PA147 147] |language=en |access-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-date=March 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306103904/https://books.google.com/books?id=orX6zp38uwAC |url-status=live }}</ref> The Philippines has 167 terrestrial [[mammal]]s (102 endemic species), 235 [[reptile]]s (160 endemic species), 99 [[amphibian]]s (74 endemic species), 686 [[List of birds of the Philippines|birds]] (224 endemic species),<ref>{{cite book |type=Conference proceeding |editor-last1=Nishizaki |editor-first1=Shin-ya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hdCwDwAAQBAJ |title=Theory and Practice of Computation: Proceedings of the Workshop on Computation: Theory and Practice (WCTP 2018), September 17–18, 2018, Manila, The Philippines |editor-last2=Numao |editor-first2=Masayuki |editor-last3=Caro |editor-first3=Jaime |editor-last4=Suarez |editor-first4=Merlin Teodosia |date=2019 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |location=Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, England |isbn=978-0-429-53694-6 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hdCwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA94 94] |language=en |access-date=March 9, 2023 |archive-date=April 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407131327/https://books.google.com/books?id=hdCwDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> and over 20,000 [[insect]] species.<ref name="Sajise-2010" /> As an important part of the [[Coral Triangle]] ecoregion,<ref>{{cite report|last1=Green |first1=Alison L. |last2=Mous |first2=Peter J. |title=Delineating the Coral Triangle, its Ecoregions and Functional Seascapes: Version 5.0 |series=TNC Coral Triangle Program |issue=Report No. 1/08 |url=https://www.conservationgateway.org/Documents/Green%20and%20Mous%202008%20CT%20Delineation%20v5%200.pdf |website=Conservation Gateway |publisher=[[The Nature Conservancy]] |access-date=May 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518123930/https://www.conservationgateway.org/Documents/Green%20and%20Mous%202008%20CT%20Delineation%20v5%200.pdf |archive-date=May 18, 2019 |pages=vii–viii, 1, 4, 6–7 |date=September 2008}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Leman |first=Jennifer |date=February 11, 2019 |title=What Is the Coral Triangle? |work=[[Live Science]] |url=https://www.livescience.com/64738-coral-triangle.html |access-date=July 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429190233/https://www.livescience.com/64738-coral-triangle.html |archive-date=April 29, 2020}}</ref> Philippine waters have unique, diverse marine life<ref name="CalAcademyOrg-2015">{{#invoke:cite news||last1=Bowling |first1=Haley |title=Over 100 New Marine Species Discovered in the Philippines |url=https://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/over-100-new-marine-species-discovered-in-the-philippines |access-date=April 2, 2023 |work=[[California Academy of Sciences]] |date=July 17, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906071328/https://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/over-100-new-marine-species-discovered-in-the-philippines |archive-date=September 6, 2015 |language=en}}</ref> and the world's greatest diversity of shore-fish species.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Carpenter |first1=Kent E. |last2=Springer |first2=Victor G. |name-list-style=amp |date=April 2005 |title=The center of the center of marine shore fish biodiversity: the Philippine Islands |journal=[[Environmental Biology of Fishes]] |publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] |volume=74 |issue=2 |pages=467–480 |doi=10.1007/s10641-004-3154-4 |bibcode=2005EnvBF..72..467C |s2cid=8280012 |author-link1=Kent E. Carpenter |author-link2=Victor G. Springer}}</ref> The country has over 3,200 fish species (121 endemic).<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last1=Ani |first1=Princess Alma B. |last2=Castillo |first2=Monica B. |date=March 18, 2020 |title=Revisiting the State of Philippine Biodiversity And The Legislation on Access and Benefit Sharing |url=https://ap.fftc.org.tw/article/1836 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114110925/https://ap.fftc.org.tw/article/1836 |archive-date=November 14, 2020 |access-date=March 20, 2023 |website=FFTC Agricultural Policy Platform (FFTC-AP) |publisher=[[Food and Fertilizer Technology Center|Food and Fertilizer Technology Center for the Asian and Pacific Region]] |at=The Philippine Biodiversity |language=en |location=Taipei}}</ref> Philippine waters sustain the cultivation of fish, crustaceans, oysters, and seaweeds.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=National Aquaculture Sector Overview: Philippines |url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/naso_philippines/en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010173033/http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/naso_philippines/en |archive-date=October 10, 2008 |access-date=August 17, 2020 |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|title=Rural Aquaculture in the Philippines |series=RAP Publication |issue=1999/20 |last1=Yap |first1=Wilfredo G. |date=1999 |at=Background |url=https://www.fao.org/3/x6943e/x6943e.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921005507/https://www.fao.org/3/x6943e/x6943e.pdf |archive-date=September 21, 2021 |access-date=April 17, 2023 |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]}}</ref> Eight major types of forests are distributed throughout the Philippines: [[Dipterocarpaceae|dipterocarp]], [[beach]] forest,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Primavera |first1=J. H. |last2=Montilijao |first2=C. L. |title=Field Guide to Philippine Beach Forest Species |date=2017 |publisher=[[Zoological Society of London]] – CMRP Philippines |location=Iloilo City, Philippines |isbn=978-621-95325-1-8 |url=https://cms.zsl.org/sites/default/files/2023-02/12%20Field%20guide%20-%20Philippine%20Beach%20Forest%20Species.pdf |access-date=April 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225115902/https://cms.zsl.org/sites/default/files/2023-02/12%20Field%20guide%20-%20Philippine%20Beach%20Forest%20Species.pdf |archive-date=February 25, 2023}}</ref> [[pine]] forest, [[Vitex parviflora|molave]] forest, [[Montane ecosystems|lower montane forest]], upper montane (or [[Cloud forest|mossy forest]]), [[mangrove]]s, and [[Ultramafic rock|ultrabasic]] forest.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wikramanayake |first1=Eric D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_VGRBWqIG2gC |title=Terrestrial Ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: A Conservation Assessment |last2=Dinerstein |first2=Eric |last3=Loucks |first3=Colby J. |date=2002 |publisher=[[Island Press]] |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=978-1-55963-923-1 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_VGRBWqIG2gC&pg=PA480 480] |author-link1=Eric Wikramanayake}}</ref> According to official estimates, the Philippines had {{convert|7000000|ha|sqmi}} of forest cover in 2023.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last1=Domingo |first1=Katrina |title=DENR targets to reforest 1 to 2 million hectares in PH |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/06/27/23/denr-targets-to-reforest-1-to-2-million-hectares-in-ph |access-date=August 30, 2023 |work=[[ABS-CBN News]] |date=June 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627063837/https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/06/27/23/denr-targets-to-reforest-1-to-2-million-hectares-in-ph |archive-date=June 27, 2023}}</ref> Logging had been systemized during the American colonial period<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dauvergne |first1=Peter |title=Shadows in the Forest: Japan and the Politics of Timber in Southeast Asia |date=1997 |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |location=Cambridge, Mass. |isbn=978-0-262-54087-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wyXMKFa7kCcC |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=wyXMKFa7kCcC&pg=PA157 157] |access-date=August 30, 2023 |language=en |archive-date=August 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830215429/https://books.google.com/books?id=wyXMKFa7kCcC |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Deforestation in the Philippines|deforestation]] continued after independence, accelerating during the [[Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos|Marcos presidency]] due to unregulated logging concessions.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kahl |first1=Colin H. |title=States, Scarcity, and Civil Strife in the Developing World |year=2006 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |location=Princeton, N.J. |isbn=978-0-691-12406-3 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ltWfu4quplgC&pg=PA85 85–86] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ltWfu4quplgC |access-date=January 22, 2021 |language=en |archive-date=August 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830213647/https://books.google.com/books?id=ltWfu4quplgC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=The Japan Environmental Council |title=The State of the Environment in Asia: 2002/2003 |date=December 6, 2012 |publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media|Springer Verlag]] |location=Tokyo, Japan |isbn=978-4-431-70345-7 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPGPBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA106 106–107] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPGPBAAAQBAJ |access-date=January 22, 2021 |language=en |archive-date=August 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830213647/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPGPBAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> Forest cover declined from 70 percent of the Philippines' total land area in 1900 to about 18.3 percent in 1999.<ref name="FAO-Forests">{{cite report|type=Conference proceeding |last=Peralta |first=Eleno O. |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/af349e/af349e0n.htm |title=Proceedings of the workshop: Forests for Poverty Reduction: Changing Role for Research, Development and Training Institutions, 17–18 June 2003, Dehradun, India |series=RAP Publication |issue=2005/19 |date=2005 |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]], Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific |isbn=978-974-7946-76-5 |location=Bangkok, Thailand |chapter=Chapter 21: Forests for poverty alleviation: the response of academic institutions in the Philippines |access-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018084729/http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/af349e/af349e0n.htm |archive-date=October 18, 2007 |editor-last1=Sim |editor-first1=H. C. |editor-last2=Appanah |editor-first2=S. |editor-last3=Hooda |editor-first3=N.}}</ref> Rehabilitation efforts have had marginal success.<ref>{{cite report|date=December 2019 |title=National Greening Program (PAO-2019-01); Reforestation Remains an Urgent Concern but Fast-Tracking its Process Without Adequate Preparation and Support by and Among Stakeholders Led to Waste of Resources |url=https://www.intosai.org/fileadmin/downloads/focus_areas/SDG_atlas_reports/Philippines/Philippines_2019_E_15_FuRep_NGP.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502140810/https://www.intosai.org/fileadmin/downloads/focus_areas/SDG_atlas_reports/Philippines/Philippines_2019_E_15_FuRep_NGP.pdf |archive-date=May 2, 2021 |access-date=February 22, 2023 |publisher=[[Commission on Audit (Philippines)|Commission on Audit]] |page=26}}</ref> The Philippines is a [[biodiversity hotspot|priority hotspot for biodiversity conservation]];<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Philippines |url=https://www.cepf.net/our-work/biodiversity-hotspots/philippines |publisher=[[Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund]] |access-date=April 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190205015021/https://www.cepf.net/our-work/biodiversity-hotspots/philippines |archive-date=February 5, 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Berba-Matias-2022" /> it has [[List of protected areas of the Philippines|more than 200 protected areas]],<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Establishment and Management of National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) (as of October 31, 2011) |url=http://www.pawb.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=120:establishing-and-managing-protected-areas&catid=58:protected-area-management |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201105841/http://www.pawb.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=120:establishing-and-managing-protected-areas&catid=58:protected-area-management |archive-date=December 1, 2011 |access-date=February 22, 2023 |publisher=[[Department of Environment and Natural Resources|Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau]]}}</ref> which was expanded to {{convert|7790000|ha|sqmi}} {{as of|2023|lc=y}}.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=List of Protected Areas |url=https://bmb.gov.ph/index.php/list-of-protected-areas |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230222202956/https://bmb.gov.ph/index.php/list-of-protected-areas |archive-date=February 22, 2023 |access-date=February 22, 2023 |publisher=[[Department of Environment and Natural Resources|Biodiversity Management Bureau]]}}</ref> [[List of World Heritage Sites in the Philippines|Three sites]] in the Philippines have been included on the UNESCO World Heritage List: the [[Tubbataha Reef]] in the Sulu Sea,<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/653/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060210154057/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/653/ |archive-date=February 10, 2006 |access-date=August 17, 2020 |publisher=[[UNESCO World Heritage Centre]]}}</ref> the [[Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park|Puerto Princesa Subterranean River]],<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Puerto-Princesa Subterranean River National Park |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/652 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051119122807/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/652 |archive-date=November 19, 2005 |access-date=July 18, 2020 |publisher=[[UNESCO World Heritage Centre]]}}</ref> and the [[Mount Hamiguitan]] Wildlife Sanctuary.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Philippines – UNESCO World Heritage Convention |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/ph |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223081604/https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/ph |archive-date=February 23, 2023 |access-date=March 3, 2023 |publisher=[[UNESCO World Heritage Centre]] |language=en}}</ref> === Climate === {{Main|Climate of the Philippines}} The Philippines has a tropical maritime climate which is usually hot and humid. There are three seasons: a hot [[dry season]] from March to May, a [[Wet season|rainy season]] from June to November, and a cool dry season from December to February.<ref name="LocGov-Philippines" /> The southwest [[monsoon]] (known as the {{lang|fil|habagat}}) lasts from May to October, and the northeast monsoon ({{lang|fil|[[amihan]]}}) lasts from November to April.<ref name="Carating-2014">{{cite book |last1=Carating |first1=Rodelio B. |last2=Galanta |first2=Raymundo G. |last3=Bacatio |first3=Clarita D. |title=The Soils of the Philippines |series=World Soils Book Series |date=April 23, 2014 |publisher=[[Springer Science & Business]] |location=Dordrecht, Netherlands |isbn=978-94-017-8682-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sY7EBAAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=March 20, 2023 |archive-date=March 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320145709/https://books.google.com/books?id=sY7EBAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|pages={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sY7EBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA24|name=24–25}}}} The coolest month is January, and the warmest is May. Temperatures at sea level across the Philippines tend to be in the same range, regardless of latitude; average annual temperature is around {{convert|26.6|C|F}} but is {{convert|18.3|C|F}} in [[Baguio]], {{convert|1500|m|sp=us}} above sea level.<ref name="PAGASA-Climate">{{#invoke:cite web||title=Climate of the Philippines |url=http://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/information/climate-philippines |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418140425/http://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/information/climate-philippines |archive-date=April 18, 2018 |access-date=July 24, 2020 |publisher=[[Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration]]}}</ref> The country's average [[humidity]] is 82 percent.<ref name="Carating-2014" />{{rp|pages={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sY7EBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA24|name=24–25}}}} Annual rainfall is as high as {{convert|5000|mm|sp=us}} on the mountainous east coast, but less than {{convert|1000|mm|sp=us}} in some sheltered valleys.<ref name="LocGov-Philippines" /> The [[Philippine Area of Responsibility]] has 19 [[Typhoons in the Philippines|typhoons]] in a typical year,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chong |first1=Kee-Chai |url=http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80346e/80346E00.htm |title=Economics of the Philippine Milkfish Resource System |last2=Smith |first2=Ian R. |last3=Lizarondo |first3=Maura S. |publisher=[[United Nations University Press]] |date=February 1982 |location=Tokyo, Japan |isbn=978-92-808-0346-4 |chapter=Chapter III: The transformation sub-system: cultivation to market size in fishponds |access-date=July 4, 2020 |chapter-url=http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80346e/80346E06.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719181709/http://archive.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80346e/80346E00.htm |archive-date=July 19, 2011 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> usually from July to October;<ref name="LocGov-Philippines">{{#invoke:cite web||date=March 2005 |title=Country Profile: Philippines |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Philippines.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050717172656/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Philippines.pdf |archive-date=July 17, 2005 |access-date=February 4, 2023 |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] – [[Federal Research Division]] |location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref> eight or nine of them make [[landfall]].<ref>{{cite report|last=[[Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration]] (PAGASA) |date=January 2009 |title=Member Report to the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee, 41st Session |url=http://www.typhooncommittee.org/41st/docs/TC2_MemberReport2008_PHILIPPINES1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090320001056/http://www.typhooncommittee.org/41st/docs/TC2_MemberReport2008_PHILIPPINES1.pdf |archive-date=March 20, 2009 |access-date=December 17, 2009 |publisher=[[ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee]] |page=4}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Digital Typhoon: Monthly Typhoon Tracking Charts (Active Typhoon Maps) |url=http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/digital-typhoon/reference/monthly/index.html.en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080421190314/http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/digital-typhoon/reference/monthly/index.html.en |archive-date=April 21, 2008 |access-date=April 12, 2023 |publisher=KITAMOTO Asanobu / [[National Institute of Informatics]] |language=en}}</ref> The wettest recorded typhoon to hit the Philippines dropped {{convert|2210|mm|sp=us}} in Baguio from July 14 to 18, 1911.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/hwrp/publications/PMP/WMO%201045%20en.pdf |title=Manual on Estimation of Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP) |date=2009 |publisher=[[World Meteorological Organization]] |isbn=978-92-63-11045-9 |location=Geneva, Switzerland |page=223 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802160749/http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/hwrp/publications/PMP/WMO%201045%20en.pdf |archive-date=August 2, 2016}}</ref> The country [[Climate change in the Philippines|is among]] the world's ten most [[Climate change vulnerability|vulnerable to climate change]].<ref>{{Cite tech report |last=Overland |first=Indra |date=November 2017 |title=Impact of Climate Change on ASEAN International Affairs: Risk and Opportunity Multiplier |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320622312 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/IGtfM |archive-date=February 4, 2023 |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=[[ResearchGate]] |publisher=[[Norwegian Institute of International Affairs]] and Myanmar Institute of International and Strategic Studies |issn=1894-650X |author-link1=Indra Øverland}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Kapucu |editor-first1=Naim |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PFW6BAAAQBAJ |title=Disaster and Development: Examining Global Issues and Cases |series=Environmental Hazards |editor-last2=Liou |editor-first2=Kuotsai Tom |date=April 11, 2014 |publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]] |location=New York |isbn=978-3-319-04468-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=PFW6BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA292 292] |language=en |access-date=February 22, 2023 |archive-date=March 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306104213/https://books.google.com/books?id=PFW6BAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see Christianpedia:Copyrights for details). Do not submit copyrighted work without permission! Cancel Editing help (opens in new window) Discuss this page