Massachusetts

===19th century===

{{Main|Missouri Compromise|Massachusetts in the American Civil War}}

In 1820, [[Maine]] separated from Massachusetts and entered the Union as the 23rd state due to the ratification of the [[Missouri Compromise]].<ref>{{cite web |title=On this day in 1820 |url=http://www.massmoments.org/moment.cfm?mid=81 |publisher=Massmoments.org |access-date=April 25, 2015}}</ref>
[[File:Visitor_Center,_Market_Mills,_Lowell_MA.jpg|thumb|[[textile manufacturing|Textile mills]], such as the one depicted here in [[Lowell, Massachusetts|Lowell]], made Massachusetts a leader in the [[Industrial Revolution]].]]
During the 19th century, Massachusetts became a national leader in the American [[Industrial Revolution]], with factories around cities such as [[Lowell, Massachusetts|Lowell]] and [[Boston]] producing textiles and shoes, and factories around Springfield producing tools, paper, and textiles.{{sfn|Brown|Tager|2000|p=129}}{{sfn|Brown|Tager|2000|p=211}} The state's economy transformed from one based primarily on agriculture to an industrial one, initially making use of water-power and later the [[steam engine]] to power factories. Canals and railroads were being used in the state for transporting raw materials and finished goods.{{sfn|Brown|Tager|2000|p=202}} At first, the new industries drew labor from [[Yankee]]s on nearby subsistence farms, though they later relied upon [[immigration to the United States|immigrant labor]] from Europe and Canada.{{sfn|Brown|Tager|2000|pp=133–36}}{{sfn|Brown|Tager|2000|p=179}}

Although Massachusetts was the first slave-holding colony with slavery dating back to the early 1600s, the state became a center of [[progressivism|progressivist]] and [[Abolitionism|abolitionist]] (anti-slavery) activity in the years leading up to the [[American Civil War]]. [[Horace Mann]] made the state's school system a national model.{{sfn|Goldfield|Abbott|Anderson|Argersinger|1998|p=251}} [[Henry David Thoreau]] and [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]], both [[philosopher]]s and writers from the state, also made major contributions to American philosophy.{{sfn|Goldfield|Abbott|Anderson|Argersinger|1998|p=254}} Furthermore, members of the [[transcendentalism|transcendentalist movement]] within the state emphasized the importance of the natural world and emotion to humanity.{{sfn|Goldfield|Abbott|Anderson|Argersinger|1998|p=254}}

Although significant opposition to abolitionism existed early on in Massachusetts, resulting in anti-abolitionist riots between 1835 and 1837,{{sfn|Brown|Tager|2000|p=185}} abolitionist views there gradually increased throughout the next few decades.{{sfn|Brown|Tager|2000|p=183}}{{sfn|Brown|Tager|2000|pp=187–93}} Abolitionists [[John Brown (abolitionist)|John Brown]] and [[Sojourner Truth]] lived in Springfield and Northampton, respectively, while [[Frederick Douglass]] lived in Boston and [[Susan B. Anthony]] in [[Adams, Massachusetts|Adams]]. The works of such abolitionists contributed to Massachusetts's actions during the Civil War. Massachusetts was the first state to recruit, train, and arm a [[African Americans|Black]] regiment with [[White people|White]] officers, the [[54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Robert Gould Shaw and the 54th Regiment |publisher=[[National Park Service]] |access-date=October 19, 2009 |url=http://www.nps.gov/boaf/historyculture/shaw.htm}}</ref> In 1852, Massachusetts became the first state to pass [[compulsory education]] laws.<ref name=compschools>{{cite web |title=State Compulsory School Attendance Laws |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0112617.html |publisher=infoplease.com |access-date=May 5, 2015}}</ref>