HIV/AIDS

=== Body fluids ===
[[File:AIDS Poster If You're Dabbling in Drugs 1989.jpg|thumb|alt=A black-and-white poster of a young black man with a towel in his left hand with the words "If you are dabbling with drugs you could be dabbling with your life" above him|CDC poster from 1989 highlighting the threat of AIDS associated with drug use]]
The second-most frequent mode of HIV transmission is via blood and blood products.<ref name=TransmissionM2007/> Blood-borne transmission can be through needle-sharing during intravenous drug use, needle-stick injury, transfusion of contaminated blood or blood product, or medical injections with unsterilized equipment. <!--IVDU and needle stick -->The risk from sharing a needle during [[drug injection]] is between 0.63% and 2.4% per act, with an average of 0.8%.<ref name=Risk2006>{{cite journal |vauthors=Baggaley RF, Boily MC, White RG, Alary M |title=Risk of HIV-1 transmission for parenteral exposure and blood transfusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=AIDS |volume=20 |issue=6 |pages=805–12 |date=April 2006 |pmid=16549963 |doi=10.1097/01.aids.0000218543.46963.6d|s2cid=22674060 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The risk of acquiring HIV from a needle stick from an HIV-infected person is estimated as 0.3% (about 1 in 333) per act and the risk following [[mucous membrane]] exposure to infected blood as 0.09% (about 1 in 1000) per act.<ref name=AFP2007k/> This risk may, however, be up to 5% if the introduced blood was from a person with a high viral load and the cut was deep.<ref name=Needle2002>{{cite web |title=Needlestick Prevention Guide |url=https://www.who.int/occupational_health/activities/2needguid.pdf |access-date=November 10, 2019 |pages=5–6 |date=2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712204534/http://www.who.int/occupational_health/activities/2needguid.pdf |archive-date=July 12, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the United States, intravenous drug users made up 12% of all new cases of HIV in 2009,<ref name=TransmissionCDC2012>{{cite web |title=HIV in the United States: An Overview |url=https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/factsheets/us_overview.htm |website=Center for Disease Control and Prevention |date=March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501102910/http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/factsheets/us_overview.htm |archive-date=May 1, 2013 }}</ref> and in some areas more than 80% of people who inject drugs are HIV-positive.<ref name=TransmissionM2007/>

<!--Blood transfusion -->
HIV is transmitted in about 90% of [[blood transfusion]]s using infected blood.<ref name="Blood Transfusion Risk"/> In developed countries the risk of acquiring HIV from a blood transfusion is extremely low (less than one in half a million) where improved donor selection and [[HIV screening]] is performed;<ref name=TransmissionM2007/> for example, in the UK the risk is reported at one in five million<ref>{{cite web |title=Will I need a blood transfusion? |year=2011 |url=http://hospital.blood.co.uk/library/pdf/2011_Will_I_Need_English_v3.pdf |publisher=National Health Services |access-date=August 29, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025050828/http://hospital.blood.co.uk/library/pdf/2011_Will_I_Need_English_v3.pdf |archive-date=October 25, 2012 }}</ref> and in the United States it was one in 1.5&nbsp;million in 2008.<ref>{{cite journal |title=HIV transmission through transfusion – Missouri and Colorado, 2008 |journal=[[Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report]] |volume=59 |issue=41 |pages=1335–39 |date=October 2010 |pmid=20966896 |author1=Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC)}}</ref> In low-income countries, only half of transfusions may be appropriately screened (as of 2008),<ref name=UN2011Seventy>UNAIDS 2011 pg. 60–70</ref> and it is estimated that up to 15% of HIV infections in these areas come from transfusion of infected blood and blood products, representing between 5% and 10% of global infections.<ref name=TransmissionM2007/><ref name=WHO070401>{{cite web |publisher=World Health Organization |year=2001 |url=https://www.who.int/inf-pr-2000/en/pr2000-25.html |title=Blood safety&nbsp;... for too few |archive-date=January 17, 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050117092135/http://www.who.int/inf-pr-2000/en/pr2000-25.html}}</ref> It is possible to acquire HIV from organ and tissue [[Organ transplantation|transplantation]], although this is rare because of [[Diagnosis of HIV/AIDS|screening]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Simonds RJ |title=HIV transmission by organ and tissue transplantation |journal=[[AIDS (journal)|AIDS]] |volume=7 |pages=S35–38 |date=November 1993 |issue=Suppl 2 |pmid=8161444 |doi=10.1097/00002030-199311002-00008 |s2cid=28488664 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1234768 |access-date=October 16, 2019 |archive-date=October 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006095732/https://zenodo.org/record/1234768/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<!--Non-sanitary health practices - this is about medical injections in particular -->
Unsafe medical injections play a role in [[HIV/AIDS in Africa|HIV spread in sub-Saharan Africa]]. In 2007, between 12% and 17% of infections in this region were attributed to medical syringe use.<ref name=UnsafeInjection2009>{{cite journal |vauthors=Reid SR |title=Injection drug use, unsafe medical injections, and HIV in Africa: a systematic review |journal=[[Harm Reduction Journal]] |volume=6 |page=24 |date=August 2009 |pmid=19715601 |pmc=2741434 |doi=10.1186/1477-7517-6-24 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The [[World Health Organization]] estimates the risk of transmission as a result of a medical injection in Africa at 1.2%.<ref name=UnsafeInjection2009/> Risks are also associated with invasive procedures, assisted delivery, and dental care in this area of the world.<ref name=UnsafeInjection2009/>

People giving or receiving [[tattoo]]s, [[body piercing|piercings]], and [[scarification]] are theoretically at risk of infection but no confirmed cases have been documented.<ref name=CDCBasics2012>{{cite web |title=Basic Information about HIV and AIDS|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/basic/|website=Center for Disease Control and Prevention |date=April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618025129/https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/basic/ |archive-date=June 18, 2017 }}</ref> It is not possible for [[mosquito]]es or other insects to transmit HIV.<ref name="C4Wauto-8503951">{{cite web |url=http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/%7Einsects/aids.htm |title=Why Mosquitoes Cannot Transmit AIDS |website=[[Rutgers University]] |id=New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station Publication No. H-40101-01-93 |date=June 1, 2010 |access-date=March 29, 2014 |first=Wayne J. |last=Crans |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329183346/http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~insects/aids.htm |archive-date=March 29, 2014}}</ref>