Galilee

=== Roman period ===
Following the Roman conquest of Judaea, a second, more significant wave of Jewish settlement arrived in the Galilee. Large and significant towns were established at the end of the first century BCE or the start of the first century CE, including [[Kafr 'Inan|Kefar Hananya]], [[Farradiyya|Parod]], [[Ravid]], Mashkaneh, Sabban, and [[Tiberias]].<ref name="Leibner2009" /> Josephus describes the Jewish settlers of Galilee as being nationalist and hostile to Jewish city-dwellers, making them the first target for the Romans during the [[Jewish–Roman wars|Jewish-Roman wars]]. [[Bargil Pixner]] believes they descended from a [[Davidic line|Davidic]] Jewish clan from [[Neo-Babylonian Empire|Babylon]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Skinner |first=Andrew C. |date=1996–1997 |title=A Historical Sketch of Galilee |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43044121 |journal=Brigham Young University Studies |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=113–125 |jstor=43044121 |via=JSTOR}}</ref> 
In the first century CE, the Galilee was dotted with small towns and villages. Josephus claims that there were 204 small towns in Galilee, but modern scholars believe this estimate to be an exaggeration. Many of these towns were located around the Sea of Galilee, which contained many edible fish and which was surrounded by fertile land. Salted, dried, and pickled fish were an important [[export good]]. In 4 BCE, a rebel named Judah plundered Galilee's largest city, [[Sepphoris]]. According to Josephus, the Syrian governor [[Publius Quinctilius Varus]] responded by sacking Sepphoris and selling the population into slavery, but the region's archaeology lacks evidence of such destruction.<ref name="Meyers1999">Eric M. Meyers,'Sepphoris on the Eve of the Great Revolt (67–68 C.E.): Archaeology and Josephus,' in Eric M. Meyers,''Galilee Through the Centuries: Confluence of Cultures,'' Eisenbrauns, 1999 pp.109ff., p. 114:(Josephus, Ant. 17.271-87; War 2.56–69).</ref><ref name="Casey2010">{{cite book|last=Casey|first=Maurice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lXK0auknD0YC&q=The+area+surrounding+Nazareth+was+fertile&pg=PA194|title=Jesus of Nazareth: An Independent Historian's Account of His Life and Teaching|date=2010|publisher=T & T Clark|isbn=978-0-567-64517-3|location=New York City, New York and London, England|pages=164–169|author-link=Maurice Casey}}</ref>[[File:Herod Antipas.jpg|thumb|right|As a Roman [[client state|client ruler]], [[Herod Antipas]], the [[Herodian Tetrarchy|tetrarch of Galilee]] from 4 BCE–39 CE, was permitted to mint his own coinage (''shown above'').<ref name=Sanders1993>{{cite book|last=Sanders|first=E. P.|title=The Historical Figure of Jesus|date=1993|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-0-14-014499-4|location=London, England, New York City, New York, Ringwood, Australia, Toronto, Ontario, and Auckland, New Zealand|pages=20–22|author-link=E. P. Sanders}}</ref>]]

After the death of [[Herod the Great]] that same year, his son [[Herod Antipas]] was appointed as [[Herodian Tetrarchy|tetrarch of Galilee]] by the Roman emperor [[Augustus]]. Galilee remained a Roman [[client state]] and Antipas paid tribute to the [[Roman Empire]] in exchange for Roman protection. The Romans did not station troops in Galilee, but threatened to retaliate against anyone who attacked it. As long as he continued to pay tribute, Antipas was permitted to govern however he wished<ref name=Sanders1993/> and was permitted to mint his own coinage. Antipas was relatively observant of Jewish laws and customs. Although his palace was decorated with animal carvings, which many Jews regarded as a transgression against the law prohibiting idols, his coins bore only agricultural designs, which his subjects deemed acceptable.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

In general, Antipas was a capable ruler; Josephus does not record any instance of his use of force to put down an uprising and he had a long, prosperous reign. However, many Jews probably resented him as not sufficiently devout.<ref name="Sanders1993" /> Antipas rebuilt the city of Sepphoris<ref name="Casey2010" /> and, in either 18 CE or 19 CE, he founded the new city of [[Tiberias]]. These two cities became Galilee's largest cultural centers.<ref name="Sanders1993" /> They were the main centers of Greco-Roman influence, but were still predominantly Jewish. A massive gap existed between the rich and poor,<ref name="Casey2010" /> but lack of uprisings suggest that taxes were not exorbitantly high and that most Galileans did not feel their livelihoods were being threatened.<ref name="Sanders1993" />

Late in his reign, Antipas married his half-niece [[Herodias]], who was already married to one of her other uncles. His wife, whom he divorced, fled to her father [[Aretas IV Philopatris|Aretas]], an Arab king, who invaded Galilee and defeated Antipas's troops before withdrawing. Both Josephus and the [[Gospel of Mark]]<ref>''Bible'', {{bibleverse|Mark|6:17–29|9}}</ref> record that the itinerate preacher [[John the Baptist]] criticized Antipas over his marriage and Antipas consequently had him imprisoned and then [[Beheading of John the Baptist|beheaded]].<ref name="Sanders1993" /> In around 39 CE, at the urging of [[Herodias]], Antipas went to Rome to request that he be elevated from the status of tetrarch to the status of king. The Romans found him guilty of storing arms, so he was removed from power and exiled, ending his forty-three-year reign. During the [[First Jewish–Roman War|Great Revolt]] (66–73 CE), a Jewish mob destroyed Herod Antipas's palace.<ref name="Sanders1993" />

[[File:Petri Fischzug Raffael.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Jesus and the [[miraculous catch of fish]], in the Sea of Galilee. Many people in Roman-era Galilee were fishermen.<ref name=Casey2010/>]]
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