Feminism

==== Third-wave feminism ====
{{main|Third-wave feminism}}
[[File:Lozu mont oct8 bellhooooooooks.png|thumb|right|upright=0.8|Feminist, author and social activist [[bell hooks]] (1952–2021)]]
Third-wave feminism is traced to the emergence of the [[riot grrrl]] feminist [[punk subculture]] in [[Olympia, Washington]], in the early 1990s,<ref name="Piepmeier2009p45">{{cite book|last=Piepmeier|first=Alison|title=Girl Zines: Making Media, Doing Feminism|publisher=New York University Press|year=2009|isbn=9780814767733|location=New York|page=45}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Feliciano|first1=Steve|date=19 June 2013|title=The Riot Grrrl Movement|url=http://www.nypl.org/blog/2013/06/19/riot-grrrl-movement|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130918002826/https://www.nypl.org/blog/2013/06/19/riot-grrrl-movement|archive-date=18 September 2013|publisher=New York Public Library|quote=The emergence of the Riot Grrrl movement began in the early 1990s, when a group of women in Olympia, Washington, held a meeting to discuss how to address sexism in the punk scene. The women decided they wanted to start a 'girl riot' against a society they felt offered no validation of women's experiences. And thus the Riot Grrrl movement was born.}}</ref> and to [[Anita Hill]]'s televised testimony in 1991—to an all-male, all-white [[Senate Judiciary Committee]]—that [[Clarence Thomas Supreme Court nomination|Clarence Thomas]], nominated for the [[Supreme Court of the United States]], had [[Clarence Thomas Supreme Court nomination#Sexual harassment allegations|sexually harassed]] her. The term ''third wave'' is credited to [[Rebecca Walker]], who responded to Thomas's appointment to the Supreme Court with an article in ''[[Ms. (magazine)|Ms.]]'' magazine, "Becoming the Third Wave" (1992).<ref name="MsMagazineThirdWave">{{cite magazine | last1 = Walker| first1 = Rebecca| author-link1 = Rebecca Walker| title = Becoming the Third Wave| magazine = Ms. | pages = 39–41| issn = 0047-8318| oclc = 194419734| date = January 1992| url = http://www.msmagazine.com/spring2002/BecomingThirdWaveRebeccaWalker.pdf| access-date = 21 February 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170115202333/http://www.msmagazine.com/spring2002/BecomingThirdWaveRebeccaWalker.pdf| archive-date = 15 January 2017| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Baumgardner_Richards">{{cite book|title=Manifesta: Young Women, Feminism, and the Future |last1=Baumgardner |first1=Jennifer |author1-link=Jennifer Baumgardner |last2=Richards |first2=Amy |author2-link=Amy Richards |year=2000 |publisher=[[Farrar, Straus and Giroux]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-374-52622-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/manifestayoungwo00baum/page/77 77] |url=https://archive.org/details/manifestayoungwo00baum/page/77 }}</ref> She wrote:

{{blockquote|So I write this as a plea to all women, especially women of my generation: Let Thomas' confirmation serve to remind you, as it did me, that the fight is far from over. Let this dismissal of a woman's experience move you to anger. Turn that outrage into political power. Do not vote for them unless they work for us. Do not have sex with them, do not break bread with them, do not nurture them if they don't prioritize our freedom to control our bodies and our lives. I am not a post-feminism feminist. I am the Third Wave.<ref name="MsMagazineThirdWave"/>}}

Third-wave feminism also sought to challenge or avoid what it deemed the second wave's [[Essentialism|essentialist]] definitions of [[femininity]], which, third-wave feminists argued, overemphasized the experiences of upper middle-class white women. Third-wave feminists often focused on "[[wikt:micropolitics|micro-politics]]" and challenged the second wave's paradigm as to what was, or was not, good for women, and tended to use a [[post-structuralism|post-structuralist]] interpretation of gender and sexuality.<ref name=NoTurningBack464/><ref name="Henry">{{cite book |last=Henry |first=Astrid |url=https://archive.org/details/notmymotherssist0000henr/page/1/mode/2up |title=Not My Mother's Sister: Generational Conflict and Third-Wave Feminism |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-253-21713-4 |location=Bloomington |pages=1–288 |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name=Gillis>{{cite book |last1=Gillis |first1=Stacy |last2=Howie |first2=Gillian |last3=Munford |first3=Rebecca |title=Third Wave Feminism: A Critical Exploration |year=2007 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=Basingstoke |isbn=978-0-230-52174-2 |pages=xxviii, 275–76}}</ref><ref name=Faludi>{{cite book |last=Faludi |first=Susan |author-link=Susan Faludi |title=Backlash: The Undeclared War Against Women |year=1992 |publisher=Vintage |location=London |isbn=978-0-09-922271-2}}{{page needed|date=October 2012}}</ref> Feminist leaders rooted in the second wave, such as [[Gloria Anzaldúa]], [[bell hooks]], [[Chela Sandoval]], [[Cherríe Moraga]], [[Audre Lorde]], [[Maxine Hong Kingston]], and many other non-white feminists, sought to negotiate a space within feminist thought for consideration of race-related subjectivities.<ref name=Gillis/><ref name=Walker/><ref name=Heywood>{{cite book |last1=Leslie |first1=Heywood |last2=Drake |first2=Jennifer |title=Third Wave Agenda: Being Feminist, Doing Feminism |year=1997 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |location=Minneapolis |isbn=978-0-8166-3005-9 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/thirdwaveagendab0000unse }}{{page needed|date=October 2012}}</ref> Third-wave feminism also contained internal debates between [[difference feminism|difference feminists]], who believe that there are important psychological differences between the sexes, and those who believe that there are no inherent psychological differences between the sexes and contend that gender roles are due to [[social conditioning]].<ref name=Gilligan>{{cite book |last=Gilligan |first=Carol |author-link=Carol Gilligan |title=In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development |url=https://archive.org/details/indifferentvoic000gill |url-access=registration |year=1993 |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |isbn=978-0-674-44544-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/indifferentvoic000gill/page/184 184]}}</ref>