Antisemitism in the United States

==Antisemitism within the African-American community==
{{see also|African American–Jewish relations}}
Surveys which were conducted by the ADL in 2007, 2009, 2011, and 2013 all found that an overwhelming majority of [[African-Americans]] who were questioned rejected antisemitism and they generally expressed the same kinds of tolerant viewpoints as other [[Americans]] who were also surveyed. For example, the results of the ADL's 2009 study revealed that 28% of African-Americans who were surveyed expressed antisemitic views while a 72% majority did not. However, those three surveys all revealed that negative attitudes towards Jews were stronger among African-Americans than they were among the general population at large.<ref name=presentation>{{cite web|url=http://archive.adl.org/anti_semitism_domestic/adl-2011-anti-semitism_presentation.pdf|title=ADL 2011 Antisemitism Presentation|publisher=[[Anti-Defamation League]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712053337/http://archive.adl.org/anti_semitism_domestic/adl-2011-anti-semitism_presentation.pdf|access-date=January 31, 2015|archive-date=2014-07-12}}</ref>

According to earlier ADL research, dating back to 1964, the trend that African-Americans are significantly more likely to hold antisemitic beliefs across all education levels than [[white Americans]] has remained unchanged over the years. Nonetheless, the percentage of the population which holds a negative opinion of Jews has also waned considerably in the black community during this period. In 1967, the ''[[New York Times Magazine]]'' published the article "[[Negroes Are Anti-Semitic Because They're Anti-White]]" in which the [[African-American]] author [[James Baldwin]] sought to explain the prevalence of black antisemitism.<ref>{{cite web|title=To what degree does Anti-Semitism among African Americans simply reflect Anti-White sentiment?|url=http://www.dominican.edu/query/ncur/display_ncur.php?id=2045|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020102407/http://www.dominican.edu/query/ncur/display_ncur.php?id=2045|archive-date=2007-10-20}}</ref><ref>Jessica T. Simes (2009). [https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/jsimes/files/ssj_simes_2009.pdf "Does anti-Semitism among African Americans simply reflect anti-White sentiment?"], 46 ''The Social Science Journal'' 384–89.</ref> An ADL poll from 1992 stated that 37% of African-Americans surveyed displayed antisemitism;<ref name=November>{{cite web|url=http://www.adl.org/antisemitism_survey/survey_print.asp|title=Anti-Semitism and Prejudice in America: Highlights from an ADL Survey - November 1998|publisher=[[Anti-Defamation League]]|access-date=January 31, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009023051/http://archive.adl.org/antisemitism_survey/survey_print.html|archive-date=Oct 9, 2014}}</ref> in contrast, a poll from 2011 found that only 29% did so.<ref name=presentation/>

The more education people have the less antisemitic they are. In 1998 among blacks with no college education, 43% fell into the most antisemitic group (versus 18% of the general population) compared to only 27% among blacks with some college education and just 18% among blacks with a four-year college degree (versus 5% of people in the general population with a four-year college degree).<ref name=November/>  At all educational levels, Blacks were more likely than whites to accept anti-Jewish stereotypes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/adl-survey-finds-anti-semitism-high-in-black-community |title=Anti-Semitism and Prejudice in America: Highlights from an ADL Survey |publisher=Anti-Defamation League|via=Jewish Virtual Library |date=November 1998 |access-date=23 May 2019}}</ref>

[[Brookings Institution]] fellow [[Jamie Kirchick]] said in 2018 that antisemitism has been a particular problem in parts of America's black community since the split between the mainstream [[Civil rights movement]] led by [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] and the more radical [[Black Power movement]] of the late 1960s. Kirchick says that leaders on the political left continue to foment antisemitism.<ref>{{cite news|author=Jamie Kirchick |author-link=Jamie Kirchick|title=The Rise of Black Anti-Semitism |url=https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/rise-black-anti-semitism/ |accessdate=30 December 2019 |publisher=Commentary Magazine |date=June 2018}}</ref>

A 2019 study found that 28% of African Americans believed that they were seeing more Black people that they personally knew express antisemitism than in the past.<ref name="research">{{cite web |last1=Earls |first1=Aaron |title=African Americans Have Mixed Opinions and Often No Opinions on Israel |url=https://blog.lifeway.com/newsroom/2019/11/05/african-americans-have-mixed-opinions-and-often-no-opinions-on-israel/ |website=LifeWay Research |date=5 November 2019 |publisher=LifeWay |access-date=10 January 2021}}</ref> In the same study, 19% of African Americans believed that Jewish people were impeding Black progress in America.<ref name="research"/> Four percent (4%) of African Americans self-identified as being [[Black Hebrew Israelites]] in 2019.<ref name="research"/>

===Leadership===

Prominent members of the African-American community have spoken out against antisemitism, including [[Kareem Abdul-Jabbar]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-14|title=Kareem Abdul-Jabbar: Where Is the Outrage Over Anti-Semitism in Sports and Hollywood?|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/kareem-abdul-jabbar-is-outrage-anti-semitism-sports-hollywood-1303210|access-date=2021-02-10|website=The Hollywood Reporter|language=en}}</ref> and [[Zach Banner]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kobrinetz|first=Shayna|title=USC alum Zach Banner uses platform to fight anti-semitism|url=https://usctrojans.com/news/2020/7/11/usc-athletics-usc-alum-zach-banner-uses-platform-to-fight-anti-semitism.aspx|access-date=2021-02-10|website=USC Athletics|language=en}}</ref> In December 2022, taking a joint stand against increasing instances of [[Racism in the United States|racism]] and antisemitism in the United States, African-American leaders New York City Mayor [[Eric Adams]], Reverends [[Al Sharpton]] and [[Conrad Tillard]], and [[Vista Equity Partners]] CEO and [[Carnegie Hall]] Chairman [[Robert F. Smith (investor)|Robert F. Smith]], joined Jewish leaders Rabbi [[Shmuley Boteach]] and [[Elisha Wiesel]], and jointly hosted 15 Days of Light, celebrating [[Hanukkah]] and [[Kwanzaa]] in a unifying holiday ceremony at Carnegie Hall.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://amsterdamnews.com/news/2022/12/21/mayor-eric-adams-the-rev-al-sharpton-others-gather-for-joint-kwanzaa-hanukkah-celebration/|title=Mayor Eric Adams, Rev. Al Sharpton, others gather for joint Kwanzaa, Hanukkah celebration|date=December 21, 2022|website=New York Amsterdam News}}</ref>  Sharpton said: "There is never a time more needed than now for Blacks and Jews to remember the struggle that we've gone through. You can't fight for anybody if you don't fight for everybody. I cannot fight for Black rights if I don't fight for Jewish rights ... because then it becomes a matter of self-aggrandizement rather than fighting for humanity. It's easy for Blacks to stand up for racism. It's easy for Jews to stand up to antisemitism. But if you want to really be a leader, you got to speak as a Black against antisemitism and antisemites, and you got to speak as a Jew against racism."<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.jns.org/wire/mayor-eric-adams-rev-al-sharpton-robert-f-smith-robert-f-smith-rev-conrad-tillard-rabbi-shmuley-boteach-and-elisha-wiesel-join-together-to-host-15-days-of-light-celebrating-hanukkah-and/|title=Mayor Eric Adams, Rev. Al Sharpton, Robert F. Smith, Robert F. Smith, Rev. Conrad Tillard, Rabbi Shmuley Boteach and Elisha Wiesel join together to host '15 Days of Light,' celebrating Hanukkah and Kwanzaa|website=JNS}}</ref><ref name="auto13a">{{Cite web|url=https://www.yahoo.com/now/black-jewish-leaders-gather-carnegie-032200862.html|title=Black and Jewish Leaders Gather at Carnegie Hall to Take a Stand Against Antisemitism and Racism|website=Yahoo|date=December 20, 2022|access-date=December 30, 2022|archive-date=December 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225013742/https://www.yahoo.com/now/black-jewish-leaders-gather-carnegie-032200862.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Smith said: "When we unify the souls of our two communities, we can usher in light to banish the darkness of racism, bigotry, and antisemitism."<ref name="auto1"/>

Prominent African American figures such as [[Louis Farrakhan]] and [[Kanye West]] have received widespread condemnation for propagating anti-semitism.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-disturbing-rise-of-anti-semitism-among-black-celebs-from-diddy-and-nick-cannon-to-ice-cube | title=The Disturbing Rise of Anti-Semitism Among Black Celebs | newspaper=The Daily Beast | date=16 July 2020 | last1=Costa | first1=Cassie da }}</ref>