Buddhism Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! === Cited sources === <!-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Only references that are actually used and cited in the article should be placed here. Mainly list only books, and journals (not websites, newspapers). List in alphabetical order, by first author's last name. Try maintaining a standard formatting style and add ISBN numbers if possible. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Cite_sources for further details. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{Refbegin|30em}} <!-- A --> * {{Citation|last=Ajahn Sucitto| author-link = Ajahn Sucitto|year=2010|title=Turning the Wheel of Truth: Commentary on the Buddha's First Teaching|publisher=Shambhala}} * {{Citation | last =Alexander | first =James | year =2019 | chapter =The State Is the Attempt to Strip Metaphor Out of Politics | editor-last =Kos | editor-first =Eric S. | title =Michael Oakeshott on Authority, Governance, and the State | publisher =Springer}} * {{Citation | last =Analayo | year =2013 | title =Satipatthana. The Direct Path to Realization | publisher =Windhorse Publications}} * {{Citation |last=Anderson |first=Carol |year=2013 |title=Pain and Its Ending: The Four Noble Truths in the Theravada Buddhist Canon |publisher=Routledge}} * {{Citation |last=Armstrong|first=Karen|author-link=Karen Armstrong|title=Buddha|date=2004|publisher=Penguin Press|isbn=978-0-14-303436-0}} <!-- B --> * {{cite book | last =Beckwith | first =Christopher I. | year =2015 | title =Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia | publisher =[[Princeton University Press]] | isbn =9781400866328 | url =http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s10500.pdf}} * {{Citation |last=Bodhi |first=Bhikkhu| author-link=Bhikkhu Bodhi |date=2000 |title=The Connected Discourses of the Buddha. A Translation of the Samyutta Nikaya |publisher=Wisdom Publications |isbn=978-0-86171-331-8}} * {{cite book|last=Bodhi |first=Bhikkhu |year=2005 |title=In the Buddha's Words: An Anthology of Discourses from the Pali Canon |location=Somerville |publisher=Wisdom Publications |isbn=978-0-86171-491-9}} * {{citation|last=Bodhi|first=Bhikkhu|author-link=Bhikkhu Bodhi|title=The Noble Eightfold Path: The Way to the End of Suffering|date=2010|publisher=[[Buddhist Publication Society]]|isbn=9789552401169|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=--vzVMVPHJMC}} * {{Citation | last =Bronkhorst | first =Johannes | author-link = J. Bronkhorst | year =1993 | title =The Two Traditions Of Meditation In Ancient India | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass Publ.}} * {{Citation | last =Bronkhorst | first =Johannes | year =1998 | title =Did the Buddha Believe in Karma and Rebirth? | journal =Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies | volume =21 | issue =1 | pages =1–20 | url =https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/download/8869/2776 | access-date =15 November 2014 | archive-date =29 November 2014 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20141129082655/https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/download/8869/2776 | url-status =live }} * {{cite book |last=Bronkhorst |first=Johannes |year=2011 |title=Buddhism in the Shadow of Brahmanism |publisher=Brill Academic |isbn=978-90-04-20140-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BaX58-E5-3MC }} * {{cite book |last=Bronkhorst |first=Johannes |year=2013 |title=Buddhist Teaching in India |publisher=Wisdom Publications |isbn=978-0-86171-811-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fjU6AwAAQBAJ |access-date=10 July 2016 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111060325/https://books.google.com/books?id=fjU6AwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }} * {{Citation | last =Bucknell | first =Rod | year =1984 | title =The Buddhist to Liberation: An Analysis of the Listing of Stages | journal =The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies | volume =7 | issue =2 | url =https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/viewFile/8631/2538 | access-date =28 May 2016 | archive-date =25 May 2017 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170525145008/https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/viewFile/8631/2538 | url-status =live }} * {{Citation | editor-last1 =Buswell | editor-first1 =Robert E. Jr. | editor-last2 =Gimello | editor-first2 =Robert M. | year =1992 | title =Paths to Liberation. The Marga and its Transformations in Buddhist Thought | place =Delhi | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass Publishers}} * {{Citation | last1 =Buswell | first1 =Robert E. Jr. | last2 =Lopez | first2 =Donald Jr. | year =2003 | title =The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism | publisher =Princeton University Press}} * {{Citation |editor-last=Buswell|editor-first=Robert E.| editor-link=Robert Buswell Jr. |title=Encyclopedia of Buddhism |publisher=MacMillan Reference Books|year=2004|isbn=978-0-02-865718-9}} <!-- C --> * {{Citation | last =Carrithers|first= Michael | title =Founders of faith|publisher=Oxford [England]; New York: Oxford University Press|year=1986|isbn=978-0-19-283066-1}} * {{Citation | last =Carter | first =John Ross | year =1987 | chapter =Four Noble Truths | editor-last =Jones | editor-first =Lindsay | title =MacMillan Encyclopedia of Religions | publisher =MacMillan}} * {{Citation | last =Choong | first =Mun-keat | year =2000 | title =The Fundamental Teachings of Early Buddhism: A Comparative Study Based on the Sutranga Portion of the Pali Samyutta-Nikaya and the Chinese Samyuktagama | publisher =Otto Harrassowitz Verlag}} * {{Citation |last=Choong |first=Mun-Keat |year=1999 |title=The Notion of Emptiness in Early Buddhism |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1649-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HJafx7uO0VsC |access-date=10 July 2016 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111055835/https://books.google.com/books?id=HJafx7uO0VsC |url-status=live }} * {{Citation|last=Collins|first=Randall|author-link=Randall Collins|title=The Sociology of Philosophies: A Global Theory of Intellectual Change|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-674-00187-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2HS1DOZ35EgC|access-date=12 October 2015|archive-date=11 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111053959/https://books.google.com/books?id=2HS1DOZ35EgC|url-status=live}} * {{cite book|last=Collins|first=Steven|year=1998|title=Nirvana and Other Buddhist Felicities|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-57054-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z2go_y5KYyoC|access-date=10 July 2016|archive-date=11 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111060830/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z2go_y5KYyoC|url-status=live}} * {{Citation |last=Conze |first=Edward |year=2013 |title=Buddhist Thought in India: Three Phases of Buddhist Philosophy |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-54231-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kY5TAQAAQBAJ |access-date=10 July 2016 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111060830/https://books.google.com/books?id=kY5TAQAAQBAJ |url-status=live }} * {{Citation |editor-last=Coogan |editor-first=Michael D. |editor-link=Michael Coogan |title=The Illustrated Guide to World Religions |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-19-521997-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BshpqnbLOvQC |access-date=10 July 2016 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111060831/https://books.google.com/books?id=BshpqnbLOvQC |url-status=live }} * {{Citation |last=Cousins |first=L.S. |author-link=L. S. Cousins |title=The Dating of the Historical Buddha: A Review Article |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=Series 3 |issue=6.1 |pages=57–63 |year=1996 |url=http://indology.info/papers/cousins/ |access-date=2007-07-11 |doi=10.1017/S1356186300014760 |s2cid=162929573 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220043745/http://indology.info/papers/cousins/ |archive-date=20 December 2010 }}; reprinted in Williams, ''Buddhism'', volume I; NB in the online transcript a little text has been accidentally omitted: in section 4, between "... none of the other contributions in this section envisage a date before 420 B.C." and "to 350 B.C." insert "Akira Hirakawa defends the short chronology and Heinz Bechert himself sets a range from 400 B.C." <!-- D --> * {{Citation |last=Davidson |first=Ronald M. |year=2003 |title=Indian Esoteric Buddhism: A Social History of the Tantric Movement |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-231-12619-9}} * {{cite book|last=Dutt |first=Sukumar |year=1988 |orig-date=1962 |title=Buddhist Monks And Monasteries of India: Their History And Contribution To Indian Culture |location=Delhi |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0498-2}} <!-- E --> * {{Citation |ref={{sfnref|Eliade et al.|1987}}|editor-last=Eliade|editor-first=Mircea|display-editors=etal |title=The Encyclopedia of religion|location=New York |publisher=Macmillan| year=1987| isbn=978-0-02-909480-8}} * {{Citation |last=Eliot |first=Charles |year=1935 |title=Japanese Buddhism |publisher=Edward Arnold & Co. |location=London}} * {{Citation |editor-last=Emmanuel |editor-first=Steven M. |year=2013 |title=A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |isbn=978-0-470-65877-2 |format=hardback |url=http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/A%20Companion%20to%20Buddhist%20Philosophy_Emmanuel.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316084217/http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/A%20Companion%20to%20Buddhist%20Philosophy_Emmanuel.pdf |archive-date=16 March 2015 |archive-format=hardback |url-status=dead }} <!-- F --> * {{Citation |last=Fowler |first=Merv |year=1999 |title=Buddhism: Beliefs and Practices |publisher=Sussex Academic Press |isbn=978-1-898723-66-0}} * {{Citation |last=Frauwallner |first=Erich |year=1973 |title=History of Indian Philosophy: The philosophy of the Veda and of the epic. 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