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PreviewAdvancedSpecial charactersHelpHeadingLevel 2Level 3Level 4Level 5FormatInsertLatinLatin extendedIPASymbolsGreekGreek extendedCyrillicArabicArabic extendedHebrewBanglaTamilTeluguSinhalaDevanagariGujaratiThaiLaoKhmerCanadian AboriginalRunesÁáÀàÂâÄäÃãǍǎĀāĂ㥹ÅåĆćĈĉÇçČčĊċĐđĎďÉéÈèÊêËëĚěĒēĔĕĖėĘęĜĝĢģĞğĠġĤĥĦħÍíÌìÎîÏïĨĩǏǐĪīĬĭİıĮįĴĵĶķĹĺĻļĽľŁłŃńÑñŅņŇňÓóÒòÔôÖöÕõǑǒŌōŎŏǪǫŐőŔŕŖŗŘřŚśŜŝŞşŠšȘșȚțŤťÚúÙùÛûÜüŨũŮůǓǔŪūǖǘǚǜŬŭŲųŰűŴŵÝýŶŷŸÿȲȳŹźŽžŻżÆæǢǣØøŒœßÐðÞþƏəFormattingLinksHeadingsListsFilesDiscussionReferencesDescriptionWhat you typeWhat you getItalic''Italic text''Italic textBold'''Bold text'''Bold textBold & italic'''''Bold & italic text'''''Bold & italic textDescriptionWhat you typeWhat you getReferencePage text.<ref>[https://www.example.org/ Link text], additional text.</ref>Page text.[1]Named referencePage text.<ref name="test">[https://www.example.org/ Link text]</ref>Page text.[2]Additional use of the same referencePage text.<ref name="test" />Page text.[2]Display references<references />↑ Link text, additional text.↑ Link text===Health care=== ====Medicine==== In countries following British tradition (the [[University of Malta]] is an exception), medical students pursue an undergraduate medical education and receive [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|bachelor's degrees in medicine and surgery]] (MBBChir, MBBS, BMBS, BM, MBChB, etc.). This was historically taken at the universities of Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin after the initial BA degree, and in Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin the BA is still awarded for the initial three years of medical study, with the BMBCh, MBBChir, or MBBChBAO, respectively, being awarded for the subsequent clinical stage of training. Some British universities give a bachelor's degree in science, or medical science, midway through the medical course, and most allow students to intercalate a year of more specialized study for an intercalated Bachelor of Science (BSc), Bachelor of Medical Science (BMedSc), or Bachelor of Medical Biology (BMedBiol) degree with honors. Although notionally MB and BS are two degrees, they must be taken together. In some Irish universities, a third degree, Bachelor of Arts in Obstetrics (BAO), is added. However, this third degree is an anachronism from the 19th century and is not registerable with the Irish Medical Council. In the UK, these qualifications, while retaining the title of bachelor's degrees, are master's degree level qualifications.<ref name=FHEQmedical>{{cite web|page=29|url=http://www.qaa.ac.uk/en/Publications/Documents/qualifications-frameworks.pdf|title=The Frameworks for Higher Education Qualifications of UK Degree-Awarding Bodies|publisher=[[Quality Assurance Agency]]|date=November 2014|quote=First degrees in medicine, dentistry and veterinary science comprise an integrated programme of study and professional practice spanning several levels. While the final outcomes of the qualifications themselves typically meet the expectations of the descriptor for a higher education qualification at level 7/level 11, these qualifications may often retain, for historical reasons, titles of Bachelor of Medicine/Bachelor of Surgery, Bachelor of Dental Surgery, Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine, or Bachelor of Veterinary Science and are abbreviated to MBChB or BM BS, BDS, BVetMed, and BVSc, respectively.|access-date=9 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305083730/http://www.qaa.ac.uk/en/Publications/Documents/qualifications-frameworks.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Use of the courtesy title of ''[[doctor (title)|doctor]]'' is attached to the profession of doctor or physician and is granted by registration, not by earning the qualifying degree. Trainee doctors in the UK are allowed to use the title once they begin their training and receive provisional registration.<ref name="Debrett's Medicine">{{cite web|url=http://www.debretts.com/expertise/forms-of-address/professions/medicines/|title=Medicine|publisher=Debrett's|access-date=18 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.qaa.ac.uk/en/Publications/Documents/qualifications-frameworks.pdf|page=29|publisher=Quality Assurance Agency|access-date=1 October 2016|date=October 2014|title=The Frameworks for Higher Education Qualifications of UK Degree-Awarding Bodies|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305083730/http://www.qaa.ac.uk/en/Publications/Documents/qualifications-frameworks.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bma.org.uk/-/media/files/word%2520files/news%2520views%2520analysis/pressbriefing_medical%2520training%2520uk.doc|title=Medical Training in the UK|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010043302/http://bma.org.uk/-/media/Files/Word%20files/News%20views%20analysis/pressbriefing_medical%20training%20uk.doc|archive-date=10 October 2016|date=28 September 2012|publisher=[[British Medical Association]]|access-date=20 September 2016|quote=Individuals in F1 posts receive a salary and are allowed to use the courtesy title 'Dr'.}}</ref> The Canadian MD degree is, despite its name, classified as a bachelor's degree.<ref name="Canadian Framework"/> ====Dentistry==== Dentistry is offered both as an undergraduate and a postgraduate course. In countries following the British model, the first degree in dentistry is the [[Bachelor of Dental Surgery]], which is a master's degree level qualification in the UK.<ref name=FHEQmedical/> In some parts of the world, the [[doctorate of dental surgery]] (DDS) is the usual undergraduate program. Postgraduate courses such as the [[Bachelor of Dentistry]] (BDent) – awarded exclusively by the [[University of Sydney]] in Australia – require a previous bachelor's degree. ====Midwifery==== The Bachelor of Midwifery degree is a professional degree awarded to students who have complete a three- to five-year (depending on the country) course of study in [[midwifery]]. Common abbreviations include BScMid, BM, BMid and BHScMid. ====Physiotherapy==== [[Physiotherapy]] is offered both as an undergraduate and a graduate course of study. Studies leading to the [[Bachelor of Physiotherapy]] (BPT) degree usually constitute the undergraduate program. In the graduate program, courses leading to a degree such as the [[Master of Physiotherapy]] degree are offered. In the [[Canadian province]] of [[Quebec]], French universities offer both undergraduate and graduate courses leading to the procurement of a Bachelor of Science degree with a major in physiotherapy and a Master of Science degree specialized in physiotherapy. [[McGill University]], the {{Lang|fr|[[Université de Montréal]]|italic=no}}, and the {{Lang|fr|[[Université de Sherbrooke]]|italic=no}} are among the post-secondary institutions that offer such programs. ====Optometry==== Optometry is a four-year or five-year course. Although students graduate with a BSc after three years of study, passing a further supervised preregistration year is required to become a fully qualified optometrist. The [[National Institute of Ophthalmic Sciences]] is among the post-secondary institutions that offer such programs. It is the academic arm of The Tun Hussein Onn National Eye Hospital and the only eye hospital based institution in Malaysia. ====Nursing==== The Bachelor of Nursing degree is a three- to five-year undergraduate degree that prepares students for a career in [[nursing]]. Often the degree is required to gain "[[registered nurse]]", or equivalent, status—subject to completion of exams in the area of residence. Sometimes, though, the degree is offered only to nurses who are already registered. Alternative titles include [[Bachelor of Science in Nursing]] and Bachelor of Nursing Science, with abbreviations BScN, BN and BNSc. ====Paramedicine==== [[Paramedicine]] is offered both as an undergraduate and a postgraduate course in some countries. The Bachelor of Paramedicine (BScP, BP, BHScP) is a three- to a five-year undergraduate degree that prepares students for a career in paramedicine, [[paramedic]] services or [[emergency medical services]]. Countries such as Canada, United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa have established paramedicine degree programs. The United States does not require a degree for paramedicine practice.{{Citation needed|date=March 2019}} ====Veterinary science==== The [[Bachelor of Veterinary Science]] program is generally a five-year course of study that is required for becoming a [[veterinarian]]. It is also known as the Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery at some universities (BVMS). In the UK, this is a master's degree level qualification that retains the title of bachelor's for historical reasons.<ref name=FHEQmedical/> In the United States, no bachelor's degree of veterinary science is given, only the [[Doctor of Veterinary Medicine]] (DVM) degree is. ====Pharmacy==== The [[Bachelor of Pharmacy]] (BPharm) degree is a common [[undergraduate degree]] for the practice of [[pharmacy]]. In the United States, [[Canada]], and [[France]], however, all colleges of pharmacy have now phased out the degree in favor of the [[PharmD]], or [[doctor of pharmacy]], degree or the PhD, doctor of philosophy, degree in pharmacy. Some universities, such as the [[University of Mississippi]], award a Bachelor of Science in Pharmaceutical Sciences (BScPSc) degree as a part of the seven-year PharmD program after the completion of the first four years. However, the BScPSc degree does not qualify the recipient for the practice of pharmacy, for which students must earn a PharmD degree.{{Citation needed|date=March 2019}} ====Public health==== [[Public health]] is usually studied at the [[master's degree]] level. Australia is one of the few countries where studies in Public Health are available at undergraduate level. Indeed, Australian undergraduate students may major in specific areas of Public Health such as Health Promotion/Education, Epidemiology, Healthcare Administration and Public Health Nutrition. The [[Bachelor of Science in Public Health]] (BScPH) degree is a four-year undergraduate degree that prepares students for careers in the public, private, or nonprofit sectors in areas such as public health, environmental health, health administration, epidemiology, or health policy and planning. ====Medical and health sciences==== * The Bachelor of Health Science (BHSc/BSHS) is a specialized degree awarded to students whose studies have focused on health care, health sciences, or health professions. Specific areas of study can include nursing, radiography, health care management, and health education among the other broad areas of [[health sciences]]. Some BHSc/BSHS programs are intended for prerequisite study to professional graduate programs, including [[physical therapy]], [[physician assistant]] studies, and [[medicine]]. The degree is typically awarded following four to five years of collegiate study. * The title BMedSc, BBioMedSc, BMedSc or BVMedSc is granted to students who have qualified in the field of [[biomedical scientist|biomedical science]] and [[medical science]] or veterinary medical science respectively. Universities that offer this course include the [[University of Western Ontario]] in Canada, [[University of Birmingham]] in the UK and the [[University of New South Wales]], the [[University of Canberra]], the [[University of Queensland]], the [[University of Sydney]], [[RMIT University]], [[Flinders University]], [[Griffith University]], [[Monash University]], [[Australian National University]] and the [[University of Melbourne]] in Australia. * The degree of BMedSc can be awarded for students completing an intercalated degree whilst [[medical school|studying medicine]] as an intermediate award. The degree of BMedSc may also be awarded to an individual who, having followed the prescribed course of study for the degrees of [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|MBChB]], does not complete the undergraduate clinical training. In brief, this is normally awarded after the candidate has completed successfully the first three years of an undergraduate medical degree at certain UK (and Commonwealth) medical institutions. * The [[Undergraduate Human Biology Program|Bachelor of Science in human biology]] degree is awarded by several universities around the world and focuses on biomedical research, health care, biotech business, pharmaceutical sciences, or a combination thereof. ====Kinesiology==== The Bachelor of [[Kinesiology]] degree (BK or BScK)is a specialized degree in the field of human movement and kinetics. Some schools still offer it under the aegis of a School of [[Physical Education]] (BPEd or BHPEd), although "kinesiology" or "human kinetics" is currently the more popularly accepted term for the discipline. ====Nutrition and dietetics==== Bachelor of Science in Nutrition and Dietetics (BSND), Bachelor of Food Science and Nutrition (BFSN) Specific areas of study include clinical nutrition, food technology, hospitality and services management, research, community worker, health care management, educator, sports science, agricultural sciences, private practice and other allied health fields. The degree is awarded following four to six years of collegiate study in America (average five years), from three to four in Europe and Australia. In America (especially Latin America), Nutrition per se is separated from Dietetics, where the latter is equivalent to a technical degree. 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