COVID-19 pandemic

== Information dissemination ==
{{Further|Media coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic|Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on social media|Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on journalism}}
Some news organizations removed their online paywalls for some or all of their pandemic-related articles and posts.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Jerde |first1=Sara |title=Major Publishers Take Down Paywalls for Coronavirus Coverage |url=https://www.adweek.com/performance-marketing/major-publishers-take-down-paywalls-for-coronavirus-coverage/ |access-date=9 June 2023 |work=www.adweek.com}}</ref> Many scientific publishers provided pandemic-related journal articles to the public free of charge as part of the National Institutes of Health's COVID-19 Public Health Emergency Initiative.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=Call to Make COVID-19 Data/Research Publicly Available |url=https://www.imagwiki.nibib.nih.gov/sites/default/files/COVID19%20Open%20Access%20Letter%20from%20CSAs.Equivalents_0.pdf |website=NIH |publisher=imagwiki.nibib.nih.gov |access-date=9 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=PMC COVID-19 Collection |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/about/covid-19/ |website=PubMed Central (PMC) |access-date=9 June 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=Coronavirus (COVID-19): sharing research data |url=https://wellcome.org/press-release/sharing-research-data-and-findings-relevant-novel-coronavirus-ncov-outbreak |website=Wellcome |access-date=9 June 2023 |date=31 January 2020}}</ref> According to one estimate from researchers at the University of Rome, 89.5% of COVID-19-related papers were open access, compared to an average of 48.8% for the ten most deadly human diseases.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Capocasa |first1=Marco |last2=Anagnostou |first2=Paolo |last3=Destro Bisol |first3=Giovanni |title=A light in the dark: open access to medical literature and the COVID-19 pandemic |journal=Information Research: An International Electronic Journal |date=15 June 2022 |volume=27 |issue=2 |doi=10.47989/irpaper929 |s2cid=249615157 |url=https://informationr.net/ir/27-2/paper929.html |access-date=9 June 2023 }}</ref> The share of papers published on preprint servers prior to peer review increased dramatically.<ref>{{#invoke:cite magazine ||last1=Rogers |first1=Adam |title=Coronavirus Research Is Moving at Top Speed—With a Catch |url=https://www.wired.com/story/coronavirus-research-preprint-servers/ |access-date=9 June 2023 |magazine=Wired}}</ref>

{{anchor|Disinformation}}

=== Misinformation ===
{{Main|COVID-19 misinformation}}
[[Misinformation]] and [[conspiracy theory|conspiracy theories]] about the pandemic have been widespread; they travel through [[Media coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic|mass media]], [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on social media#Misinformation|social media]] and text messaging.<ref name="FTTextMsg">{{#invoke:cite web|| vauthors = Murphy H, Di Stefano M, Manson K |url=https://www.ft.com/content/34b6df5a-ea4a-471f-8ac9-606580480049|title=Huge text message campaigns spread coronavirus fake news|date=20 March 2020|work=Financial Times}}</ref> In March 2020, WHO declared an "[[infodemic]]" of incorrect information.<ref name="Lowy">{{#invoke:cite news|| vauthors = Kassam N |date=25 March 2020|title=Disinformation and coronavirus|work=The Interpreter|publisher=Lowy Institute|url=https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/disinformation-and-coronavirus }}</ref> [[Cognitive biases]], such as [[confirmation bias]], are linked to conspiracy beliefs, including [[COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Kuhn SA, Lieb R, Freeman D, Andreou C, Zander-Schellenberg T | title = Coronavirus conspiracy beliefs in the German-speaking general population: endorsement rates and links to reasoning biases and paranoia | journal = Psychological Medicine | pages = 4162–4176 | date = March 2021 | volume = 52 | issue = 16 | pmid = 33722315 | pmc = 8027560 | doi = 10.1017/S0033291721001124 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
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