Pittsburgh

===Health discoveries===
While he was a professor at the [[University of Pittsburgh]], American virologist [[Jonas Salk]] developed one of the first successful [[polio vaccine]]s, which came into use in 1955.

UPMC has pioneered several world firsts including the first known cystic fibrosis heart-lung transplant (1983), the world's first simultaneous liver and heart transplant operation on a child (6-year-old [[Stormie Jones]] in 1984), the youngest heart-lung transplant (9 years old in 1985), the world's first heart-liver-kidney transplant (1989), the world's first heart-liver transplant on an infant (1997),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=LLJRAAAAIBAJ&dq=pittsburgh%20transplant&pg=3655%2C5222896 |title=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|access-date=June 11, 2015}}</ref> the first pediatric heart-double lung-liver transplant (1998), the nation's first double hand transplant (2009), and the first total forearm and hand transplant (2010), as well as the state's first heart transplant (1968).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=LctdAAAAIBAJ&dq=heart%20bahnson&pg=2713%2C619393 |title=Observer-Reporter – Google News Archive Search|access-date=June 11, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.clpgh.org/research/pittsburgh/history/pghsts1.html |title=Pittsburgh Firsts: By Event, Pennsylvania Department, Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh|access-date=February 5, 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112152702/http://www.clpgh.org/research/pittsburgh/history/pghsts1.html|archive-date=January 12, 2016}}</ref>

''[[The Lancet]]'' published a 2012 UPMC study of two 9-year quadriplegics being able to move a robotic arm by thought, to pick up objects, shake hands, and even eat. Wiring the brain around spine damage to restore arm and leg muscle function was successful using robotic arms controlled via an embedded computer to translate signals near a small group of neurons with 200 needles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/news/health/pitt-team-inserts-computer-chip-in-brain-so-a-persons-thoughts-can-instigate-motion-666707 |title=Pitt team inserts computer chip in brain so a person's thoughts can instigate motion |work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|access-date=June 11, 2015|archive-date=February 7, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207011641/http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/news/health/pitt-team-inserts-computer-chip-in-brain-so-a-persons-thoughts-can-instigate-motion-666707/|url-status=dead}}</ref>