Writing Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! === Scientific and scholarly knowledge production === [[File:201805 article.png|thumb|Layout of a typical modern scientific study with a summarizing [[Abstract (summary)|abstract]] near the top, below (multiple lines of) [[metadata]]]] Knowledge produced in [[Academic discipline|research disciplines]] of the sciences, social sciences, and humanities arises primarily in the form of [[Research|journal articles]] and book [[monograph]]s. Experiments, observational data, archival documents, and other evidence collected as part of [[research]] inquiries are then represented within the [[Academic authorship|written contribution]] and serve as the [[Citation|basis]] for arguments for new claims intended to be published in specialized [[academic journal]]s and [[university press]]es. Such data collection and drafting of [[manuscript]]s may be supported by grants, which usually require proposals establishing the value of such work and the need for funding.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tardy |first1=Christine M. |title=A Genre System View of the Funding of Academic Research |journal=Written Communication |date=January 2003 |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=7β36 |doi=10.1177/0741088303253569 |s2cid=5205721 }}</ref> The data and procedures are also typically collected in [[lab notebook]]s or other preliminary files.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Latour |first1=Bruno |title=Laboratory Life: The Construction of Scientific Facts |last2=Woolgar |first2=Steve |publisher=Princeton UP |year=1986 |isbn=0-691-02832-X}}{{page needed|date=June 2023}}</ref> [[Preprint|Early versions]] of the possible publications may also be presented at academic or disciplinary conferences or on publicly accessible web servers to gain peer feedback and build interest in the work. Prior to official publication, these documents are typically read and evaluated by [[Peer review|referees]] from the appropriate research specialties, who, in their written evaluations, determine whether the work is of sufficient value and quality to be published.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hyland |first=Ken |title=Disciplinary Discourses: Social Interactions in Academic Writing |publisher=University of Michigan Press |year=2004 |isbn=0-472-03024-8 |location=Ann Arbor |pages=1β19}}</ref> Referees may also recommend certain improvements be made or that the work not be published. Publication in such a disciplinary forum does not establish the claims or findings of such work as authoritatively true, only that they are worth the attention of other specialists. Only over time, as others may cite the work (see [[intertextuality]]) and use it to advance further claims and the work appears in review articles, handbooks, textbooks, or other aggregations, does it become codified as contingently reliable knowledge.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bazerman |first=Charles |title=Shaping written knowledge: The genre and activity of the experimental article in science. |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |year=1988 |location=Madison WI}}</ref> Scientific or scholarly work written for more popular audiences relies on the published work of the scientific literature for its authority but does not in itself directly contribute to the scientific literature.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}} Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see Christianpedia:Copyrights for details). Do not submit copyrighted work without permission! Cancel Editing help (opens in new window) Discuss this page