Theism

===Pantheism===
{{Main|Pantheism}}
Pantheism is the belief that [[reality]], the [[universe]] and the [[cosmos]] are identical to [[divinity]] and a [[Creator deity|supreme being]] or entity. Pointing to the universe as being an [[Immanence|immanent]] [[creator deity]] in and of itself, the deity is understood as still expanding, creating, and eternal,<ref>{{cite book |title=The New [[Oxford Dictionary of English]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press|Clarendon Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-861263-6 |location=Oxford |page=1341}} "The term 'pantheist' designates one who holds both that everything constitutes a unity and that this unity is divine."</ref> or that [[Everything|all things]] compose an all-encompassing, immanent god or goddess that is manifested as the universe.<ref name="Edwards">{{Cite book|title = Encyclopedia of Philosophy ed. Paul Edwards |publisher=Macmillan and Free Press |year = 1967 |location = New York|page=34}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Reid-Bowen|first=Paul|title=Goddess as Nature: Towards a Philosophical Thealogy|page=70|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|date=15 April 2016|isbn=9781317126348}}</ref> As such, even [[Astronomical object|astronomical objects]] are viewed as part of the sole deity. The worship of all gods of every religion has been conceived as a form of pantheism, but such a system is more akin to [[Omnism]].<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pantheism| title=Definition of Pantheism| access-date=24 February 2023| archive-date=3 November 2022| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103001704/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pantheism| url-status=live}}</ref>
Pantheist [[Belief#Religious belief|belief]] does not recognize a distinct [[personal god]],<ref>{{cite book |title=A Companion to Philosophy of Religion |editor1=Charles Taliaferro |editor2=Paul Draper |editor3=Philip L. Quinn |page=340 |quote=They deny that God is "totally other" than the world or ontologically distinct from it.}}</ref> [[anthropomorphic]] or otherwise, but instead characterizes a broad range of doctrines differing in forms of relationships between reality and divinity.<ref name="LevineDetailed">{{citation |last=Levine |first=Michael |title=Pantheism: A Non-Theistic Concept of Deity |publisher=Psychology Press |date=1994 |isbn=9780415070645 |pages=44, 274–275}}:

* "The idea that Unity that is rooted in nature is what types of nature mysticism (e.g. Wordsworth, Robinson Jeffers, Gary Snyder) have in common with more philosophically robust versions of pantheism. It is why nature mysticism and philosophical pantheism are often conflated and confused for one another."
* "[Wood's] pantheism is distant from Spinoza's identification of God with nature, and much closer to nature mysticism. In fact it is nature mysticism."
* "Nature mysticism, however, is as compatible with theism as it is with pantheism."</ref> Pantheistic concepts date back thousands of years, and pantheistic elements have been identified in various religious traditions. The term ''pantheism'' was coined by mathematician [[Joseph Raphson]] in 1697,<ref name="Taylor">{{cite book|last1=Taylor|first1=Bron|title=Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature|date=2008|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1441122780|pages=1341–1342|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i4mvAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1342|access-date=27 July 2017}}</ref><ref name=Thomson>Ann Thomson; Bodies of Thought: Science, Religion, and the Soul in the Early Enlightenment, 2008, page 54.</ref> and since then has been used to describe the beliefs of a variety of individuals and organizations. Pantheism was popularized in [[Western culture]] as a [[theology]] and philosophy based on the work of the 17th-century philosopher [[Baruch Spinoza]]—in particular, his book ''[[Ethics (Spinoza book)|Ethics]]''.<ref name="Genevieve Lloyd 1996">{{cite book |first=Genevieve |last=Lloyd |title=Routledge Philosophy GuideBook to Spinoza and The Ethics |series=Routledge Philosophy Guidebooks |publisher=[[Routledge]] |edition=1st |date=2 October 1996 |isbn=978-0-415-10782-2 |page=24}}</ref> A pantheistic stance was also expressed by the 16th-century by philosopher and [[Cosmology|cosmologist]] [[Giordano Bruno]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Birx |first=Jams H. |url=http://www.theharbinger.org/xvi/971111/birx.html |title=Giordano Bruno |publisher=The Harbinger |location=[[Mobile, Alabama|Mobile, AL]] |date=11 November 1997 |quote=Bruno was burned to death at the stake for his pantheistic stance and cosmic perspective. |access-date=5 February 2019 |archive-date=27 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727101806/http://www.theharbinger.org/xvi/971111/birx.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>