Taiwan

=== Early colonial period (to 1683) ===
{{Main|Early Chinese contact with Taiwan|Dutch Formosa|Spanish Formosa|Kingdom of Middag|Kingdom of Tungning|}}
The [[Penghu|Penghu Islands]] were inhabited by [[Han Chinese]] fishermen by 1171 and in 1225, Penghu was attached to [[Jinjiang, Fujian|Jinjiang]].{{sfn|Liu|2012|p=170-171}}{{sfnp|Hsu|1980|p=6}}{{sfnp|Wills|2006|p=86}}<ref name="官網歷史沿革" /> The [[Yuan dynasty]] officially incorporated Penghu under the jurisdiction of [[Tong'an]] County in 1281.<ref name="官網歷史沿革">{{cite web |url = https://event.penghu.gov.tw/ch/home.jsp?id=10174 |title=歷史沿革 |date= 13 July 2017|website=澎湖縣政府全球資訊網 |publisher=[[Penghu County Government]]|archive-date=1 March 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210301101127/https://event.penghu.gov.tw/ch/home.jsp?id=10174 |url-status=live }}</ref> Penghu was evacuated in the 15th century by the [[Ming dynasty]] as part of their [[Haijin|maritime ban]], which lasted until the late 16th century.{{sfnp|Wills|2006|p=88}} In 1349, [[Wang Dayuan]] provided the first written account of a visit to Taiwan.{{sfn|Rubinstein|1999|p=86}}<ref name="shep">{{cite book |last=Shepherd |given=John R. |title=Statecraft and Political Economy on the Taiwan Frontier, 1600–1800 |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1993 |pages=7–8 |isbn=978-0-8047-2066-3}} Reprinted Taipei: SMC Publishing, 1995.</ref> By the 1590s, a small number of Chinese from [[Fujian]] had started cultivating land in southwestern Taiwan.{{sfn|Hsu|1980|p=10}} Some 1,500-2,000 Chinese lived or stayed temporarily on the southern coast of Taiwan, mostly for seasonal fishing but also subsistence farming and trading, by the early 17th century.{{sfnp|Andrade|2008|loc=Chapter 6 Note 5}}<ref name="shep" /> In 1603, [[Chen Di]] visited Taiwan on an anti-[[wokou]] expedition and recorded an account of the Taiwanese Indigenous people.<ref name="chendi"/>

In 1591 Japan sent envoys to deliver a letter requesting tribute relations with Taiwan. They found no leader to deliver the letter to and returned home. In 1609, a Japanese expedition was sent to survey Taiwan. After being attacked by the Indigenous people, they took some prisoners and returned home. In 1616, a Japanese fleet of 13 ships were sent to Taiwan. Due to a storm, only one ship made it there and is presumed to have returned to Japan.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FSPcAAAAQBAJ&dq=Harada+Magoshichiro+taiwan&pg=PA6 | title=Statecraft and Spectacle in East Asia: Studies in Taiwan-Japan Relations | isbn=9781317986256 | last1=Clulow | first1=Adam | date=13 September 2013 | publisher=Routledge }}</ref>{{sfn|Li|2019|p=50}}

[[File:Tainan_Taiwan_Fort-Zeelandia-01.jpg|alt=Photograph of a European style fortification with stone walls and a white pointed tower.|thumb|[[Fort Zeelandia (Taiwan)|Fort Zeelandia]], built in 1634, was the [[Governor of Formosa|governor]]'s residence in [[Dutch Formosa]]]]
In 1624 the [[Dutch East India Company]] (VOC) established [[Fort Zeelandia (Taiwan)|Fort Zeelandia]] on the coastal islet of Tayouan (in modern [[Tainan]]).{{sfnp|Wills|2006|p=89}}<ref name="Oosterhoff" /> The lowland areas were occupied by 11 Indigenous [[chiefdom]]s, some of which fell under Dutch control, including the [[Kingdom of Middag]].<ref name="Oosterhoff" /><ref>{{cite book |title=Formosa Under the Dutch: Described from Contemporary Records, with Explanatory Notes and a Bibliography of the Island |year=1903 |first=William |last=Campbell |author-link=William Campbell (missionary)|publisher=Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner |url=https://archive.org/details/formosaunderdut01campgoog |pages=[https://archive.org/details/formosaunderdut01campgoog/page/n185 6]–7 |isbn=978-957-638-083-9 }}</ref> When the Dutch arrived, southwestern Taiwan was already frequented by a mostly transient Chinese population numbering close to 1,500.{{sfnp|Andrade|2008|loc=Chapter 6 Note 5}} The VOC encouraged Chinese farmers to immigrate and work the lands under Dutch control and by the 1660s, some 30,000 to 50,000 Chinese were living on the island.{{sfn|Andrade|2008|loc=Chapter 6}}{{sfnp|Wills|2006|p=98}} Most of the farmers cultivated rice for local consumption and sugar for export while some immigrants engaged in deer hunting for export.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Koo|first=Hui-wen|year=2015|title=Weather, Harvests, and Taxes: A Chinese Revolt in Colonial Taiwan|journal=The Journal of Interdisciplinary History|volume=46|issue=1|pages=39–59|doi=10.1162/JINH_a_00795|jstor=43829712 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Andrade|first=Tonio|year=2006|title=The Rise and Fall of Dutch Taiwan, 1624–1662: Cooperative Colonization and the Statist Model of European Expansion|journal=Journal of World History|volume=17|issue=4|pages=429–450|doi=10.1353/jwh.2006.0052|jstor=20079399 |s2cid=162203720 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Koo|first=Hui-wen|year=2011|title=Deer Hunting and Preserving the Commons in Dutch Colonial Taiwan|journal=The Journal of Interdisciplinary History|volume=43|issue=2|pages=185–203|doi=10.1162/JINH_a_00211|jstor=41291189 |s2cid=145423135 }}</ref>

In 1626 the [[Spanish Empire]] occupied northern Taiwan as a trading base, first at [[Keelung]] and in 1628 building [[Fort San Domingo]] at [[Tamsui]].<ref>{{cite web |date=3 July 2018 |title=Fort San Domingo |url=https://en.tshs.ntpc.gov.tw/xmdoc/cont?xsmsid=0G292396897604829770 |website=[[Tamsui Historical Museum]] |quote=Fort San Domingo, located at the hilltop overlooking Tamsui River estuary, was established by the Spanish in 1628.}}</ref><ref>[https://academic.oup.com/past/article/232/1/87/1752419 Convicts or&nbsp;Conquistadores? Spanish Soldiers in the Seventeenth-Century Pacific By Stephanie J. Mawson] AGI, México, leg. 25, núm. 62; AGI, Filipinas, leg. 8, ramo 3, núm. 50; leg. 10, ramo 1, núm. 6; leg. 22, ramo 1, núm. 1, fos. 408 r −428 v ; núm. 21; leg. 32, núm. 30; leg. 285, núm. 1, fos. 30 r −41 v .</ref> This colony lasted until 1642, when the last Spanish fortress fell to Dutch forces.{{sfnp|Wills|2006|p=91}} The Dutch then marched south, subduing hundreds of villages in the western plains.{{sfnp|Wills|2006|p=91}}

[[File:Tainan_Taiwan_Confucius-Temple-06.jpg|alt=Photo of an elaborate Chinese temple with hedges in front.|thumb|[[Tainan Confucian Temple]] built in 1665 during the [[Kingdom of Tungning]] period]]
Following the fall of the Ming dynasty in Beijing in 1644, [[Koxinga]] (Zheng Chenggong) pledged allegiance to the [[Yongli Emperor]] and attacked the Qing dynasty along the southeastern coast of China.<ref name="LuWangNMHTW">{{cite web |url=https://tainanstudy.nmth.gov.tw/article/detail/9/read? |script-title=zh:臺南與鄭成功 |trans-title=Tainan and Zheng Chenggong (Koxinga) |author=Yan Xing |website=Tainan Literature and History Research Database |publisher=National Museum of Taiwan History |access-date=12 February 2021 |script-quote=zh:這時成功意志堅决，便單獨倡導拒滿復明運動，以金，厦兩島爲根據地地，不斷地向閩，浙東南一進攻，奉永明王永曆正朔{{nbsp}}... 于永曆十一年（清順治十四年公元一六五七年）受永水明王封為延平王 |trans-quote=Then Chenggong (Koxinga) resolutely and independently advocated for the movement to resist the Manchus and restore Ming, with bases in Kinmen and Xiamen continuously attacked southeastern Min (Fujian) and Zhejiang, pledged to serve the Youngli emperor of Ming{{nbsp}}... in 1657 was conferred the title King of Yanping by the Yong Ming emperor}}.</ref> In 1661, under increasing Qing pressure, he moved his forces from his base in [[Xiamen]] to Taiwan, [[Siege of Fort Zeelandia|expelling the Dutch]] the following year. The Dutch retook the northern fortress at Keelung in 1664, but left the island in 1668 in the face of indigenous resistance.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wills |first1=John E. |title=The Dutch Reoccupation of Chi-lung, 1664–1668 |year=2001 |publisher=University of California|isbn=978-0-936127-09-5}}</ref><ref>[{{GBurl|id=g3oWoSKVnVIC|dq=pescadores+dutch+defeat|p=95}} Shepherd 1993], p. 95.</ref>

The Zheng regime, known as the [[Kingdom of Tungning]], proclaimed its loyalty to the overthrown Ming, but ruled independently.<ref name="TWG2020">{{cite book |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=September 2020 |title=2020–2021 Taiwan at a Glance |url=https://multilingual.mofa.gov.tw/web/web_UTF-8/MOFA/glance2020-2021/2020-2021%20Taiwan%20at%20a%20Glance%20(English).pdf |publisher= Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan) |page=14 |isbn=978-986-5447-15-1 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230409125337/https://multilingual.mofa.gov.tw/web/web_UTF-8/MOFA/glance2020-2021/2020-2021%20Taiwan%20at%20a%20Glance%20%28English%29.pdf |archive-date= 9 April 2023 }}</ref>{{sfnp|Andrade|2008|loc=Preface Note 1|ps=: "Second, this book is also about how Taiwan first came under Chinese political control, thanks to the Ming loyalist regime of Zheng Chenggong."}}{{sfnp|Wills|2006|pp=94–95}}<ref>{{cite book |surname=Struve |given=Lynn |year=1988 |chapter=The Southern Ming |title=Cambridge History of China, Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tyhT9SZRLS8C&pg=PA722 |editor1-given=Frederic W. |editor1-surname=Mote |editor2-given=Denis |editor2-surname=Twitchett |pages=641–725 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-24332-2 }} pp. 722–725.</ref> However, [[Zheng Jing]]'s return to China to participate in the [[Revolt of the Three Feudatories]] paved the way for the Qing invasion and occupation of Taiwan in 1683.<ref>{{cite thesis|last=Hang|first=Xing|year=2010|title=Between Trade and Legitimacy, Maritime and Continent: The Zheng Organization in Seventeenth-Century East Asia|type=PhD|publisher=University of California, Berkeley|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/133829bz|access-date=24 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Hang|first=Xing|year=2016|title=Contradictory Contingencies: The Seventeenth-Century Zheng Family and Contested Cross-Strait Legacies|journal=American Journal of Chinese Studies|volume=23|pages=173–182|jstor=44289147}}</ref>
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