Stuttering

=== Associated conditions ===
Stuttering can co-occur with other disabilities. These associated disabilities include:
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*[[attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]] (ADHD);<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sroubek|first1=Ariane|last2=Kelly|first2=Mary|last3=Li|first3=Xiaobo|date=2013-02-01|title=Inattentiveness in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder|url= |journal=Neuroscience Bulletin|language=en|volume=29|issue=1|pages=103–110|doi=10.1007/s12264-012-1295-6|issn=1995-8218|pmc=4440572|pmid=23299717}}</ref> the prevalence of ADHD in school-aged children who stutter is {{clarify span|text=around 4–50%|explain=4% to 50%, or 40% to 50%?|date=August 2022}}.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Druker|first1=Kerianne|last2=Hennessey|first2=Neville|last3=Mazzucchelli|first3=Trevor|last4=Beilby|first4=Janet|date=2019-03-01|title=Elevated attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in children who stutter|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0094730X18300779|journal=Journal of Fluency Disorders|volume=59|pages=80–90|doi=10.1016/j.jfludis.2018.11.002|pmid=30477807|s2cid=53733731|issn=0094-730X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Donaher|first1=Joseph|last2=Richels|first2=Corrin|date=2012-12-01|title=Traits of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in school-age children who stutter|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0094730X12000800|journal=Journal of Fluency Disorders|series=Special Issue: 9th Oxford Dysfluency Conference|volume=37|issue=4|pages=242–252|doi=10.1016/j.jfludis.2012.08.002|pmid=23218208|issn=0094-730X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Arndt Jennifer|last2=Healey E. Charles|date=2001-04-01|title=Concomitant Disorders in School-Age Children Who Stutter|url=https://pubs.asha.org/doi/10.1044/0161-1461%282001/006%29|journal=Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools|volume=32|issue=2|pages=68–78|doi=10.1044/0161-1461(2001/006)|pmid=27764357}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Riley Jeanna|last2=Riley Johnetta G.|date=2000-10-01|title=A Revised Component Model for diagnosing and Treating Children Who Stutter|url=https://pubs.asha.org/doi/10.1044/cicsd_27_F_188|journal=Contemporary Issues in Communication Science and Disorders|volume=27|issue=Fall|pages=188–199|doi=10.1044/cicsd_27_F_188}}</ref>
*[[dyslexia]];<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Peterson|first1=Robin L|last2=Pennington|first2=Bruce F|date=May 2012|title=Developmental dyslexia|url= |journal=The Lancet|volume=379|issue=9830|pages=1997–2007|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60198-6|issn=0140-6736|pmc=3465717|pmid=22513218}}</ref> the prevalence rate of childhood stuttering in dyslexia is around 30–40%, while in adults the prevalence of dyslexia in adults who stutter is around 30–50%.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Blood|first1=Gordon W|last2=Ridenour|first2=Victor J|last3=Qualls|first3=Constance Dean|last4=Hammer|first4=Carol Scheffner|date=November 2003|title=Co-occurring disorders in children who stutter|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0021992403000236|journal=Journal of Communication Disorders|language=en|volume=36|issue=6|pages=427–448|doi=10.1016/S0021-9924(03)00023-6|pmid=12967738}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Arndt|first1=Jennifer|last2=Healey|first2=E. Charles|date=April 2001|title=Concomitant Disorders in School-Age Children Who Stutter|url=http://pubs.asha.org/doi/10.1044/0161-1461%282001/006%29|journal=Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools|language=en|volume=32|issue=2|pages=68–78|doi=10.1044/0161-1461(2001/006)|pmid=27764357|issn=0161-1461}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Elsherif|first1=Mahmoud M.|last2=Wheeldon|first2=Linda R.|last3=Frisson|first3=Steven|date=2021-03-01|title=Do dyslexia and stuttering share a processing deficit?|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0094730X20300826|journal=Journal of Fluency Disorders|language=en|volume=67|pages=105827|doi=10.1016/j.jfludis.2020.105827|pmid=33444937|s2cid=231611179|issn=0094-730X}}</ref>
*[[autism]]<ref name="briley">{{Cite journal |last1=Briley |first1=Patrick M. |last2=Ellis |first2=Charles |date=2018-12-10 |title=The Coexistence of Disabling Conditions in Children Who Stutter: Evidence From the National Health Interview Survey |url=http://pubs.asha.org/doi/10.1044/2018_JSLHR-S-17-0378 |journal=Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research |volume=61 |issue=12 |pages=2895–2905 |doi=10.1044/2018_JSLHR-S-17-0378 |pmid=30458520 |s2cid=53946065 |issn=1092-4388}}</ref> 
* intellectual disability<ref name="Healey">Healey, E. C., Reid, R., & Donaher, J. (2005). Treatment of the child who stutters with co-existing learning, behavioral, and cognitive challenges. In R. Lees & C. Stark (Eds.), The treatment of stuttering in the young school-aged child (pp. 178–196). Whurr Publishers.</ref>
* language or learning disability<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ntourou |first1=Katerina |last2=Conture |first2=Edward G. |last3=Lipsey |first3=Mark W. |date=August 2011 |title=Language Abilities of Children Who Stutter: A Meta-Analytical Review |journal=American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology |language=en |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=163–179 |doi=10.1044/1058-0360(2011/09-0102) |issn=1058-0360 |pmc=3738062 |pmid=21478281}}</ref>
* seizure disorders<ref name="briley" />
* [[social anxiety disorder]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Iverach |first1=Lisa |last2=Rapee |first2=Ronald M. |date=June 2014 |title=Social anxiety disorder and stuttering: Current status and future directions |journal=Journal of Fluency Disorders |language=en |volume=40 |pages=69–82 |doi=10.1016/j.jfludis.2013.08.003|pmid=24929468 |doi-access=free }}</ref> 
* [[speech sound disorder]]s<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=St. Louis |first1=Kenneth O. |last2=Hinzman |first2=Audrey R. |date=October 1988 |title=A descriptive study of speech, language, and hearing characteristics of school-aged stutterers |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0094730X88900034 |journal=Journal of Fluency Disorders |language=en |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=331–355 |doi=10.1016/0094-730X(88)90003-4}}</ref>
* other developmental disorders<ref name="briley" />
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