Soul

===Christianity===
{{See also|Soul in the Bible|Christian mortalism|Immortality of the soul|Christian conditionalism|Annihilationism}} 
[[File:SoulCarriedtoHeaven.jpg|thumb|Depiction of a soul being carried to heaven by two angels by [[William Bouguereau]]]]
According to some [[Christian eschatology]], when people die, their souls will be [[particular judgment|judged by God]] and determined to go to [[Heaven (Christianity)|Heaven]] or to [[Christian views on Hades|Hades]] awaiting a  [[resurrection]]. The oldest existing branches of Christianity, the [[Catholic Church]] and the [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern]] and [[Oriental Orthodox Churches|Oriental]] Orthodox churches, adhere to this view, as well as many Protestant denominations. Some Protestant Christians understand the soul as "life," and believe that the dead have no conscious existence until [[General judgment|after the resurrection]] ([[Christian conditionalism]]). Some Protestant Christians believe that the souls and bodies of the unrighteous will be destroyed in [[Christian views on Hell|Hell]] rather than suffering eternally ([[annihilationism]]). Believers will inherit [[eternal life (Christianity)|eternal life]] either in Heaven, or in a [[Kingdom of God]] on earth, and enjoy eternal fellowship with God. Other Christians reject the punishment of the soul.{{Citation needed|date=October 2023}}

Paul the Apostle used ψυχή (psychē) and πνεῦμα (pneuma) specifically to distinguish between the Jewish notions of נפש (nephesh) and רוח ruah (spirit)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Αρχιμ. Βλάχος |first1=Ιερόθεος |title=Ορθόδοξη Ψυχοθεραπεία |date=30 September 1985 |location=Εδεσσα |publisher=Ιερά Μονή Τιμίου Σταυρού |page=Τι είναι η ψυχή |url=https://www.oodegr.com/oode/dogma/psyxi1.htm |access-date=25 January 2023 |chapter-url=https://eclass.uoa.gr/modules/document/file.php/THEOL160/%CE%9A%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B1%20%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1%20%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%89%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%20%CE%B8%CE%B5%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%20%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%B7/%CE%9F%CE%A1%CE%98%CE%9F%CE%94%CE%9F%CE%9E%CE%97%20%CE%A8%CE%A5%CE%A7%CE%9F%CE%98%CE%95%CE%A1%CE%91%CE%A0%CE%95%CE%99%CE%91.pdf |language=Greek |chapter=Κεφάλαιο Γ'}}</ref> (also in the Septuagint, e.g. Genesis 1:2 רוּחַ אֱלֹהִים = πνεῦμα θεοῦ = spiritus Dei = "the Spirit of God").

Christians generally believe in the existence and eternal, infinite nature of the soul.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Harari |first=Yuval N. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/951507538 |title=Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow |publisher=[[Harper (publisher)|Harper]] |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-06-246431-6 |edition=1st US |location=New York |pages=92 |oclc=951507538}}</ref>

====Origin of the soul====
The "origin of the soul" has provided a vexing question in Christianity. The major theories put forward include [[creationism (soul)|soul creationism]], [[traducianism]], and [[pre-existence]]. According to soul creationism, God creates each individual soul directly, either at the moment of conception or at some later time. According to traducianism, the soul comes from the parents by natural generation. According to the preexistence theory, the soul exists before the moment of conception. There have been differing thoughts regarding whether human [[embryo]]s have souls from conception, or whether there is a point between conception and birth where the [[fetus]] [[ensoulment|acquires a soul]], [[consciousness]], and/or [[personhood]]. Stances in this question might play a role in judgements on the [[Christianity and abortion|morality of abortion]].<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/medical_ethics/me0116.htm |title= "Do Embryos Have Souls?", Father Tadeusz Pacholczyk, PhD, Catholic Education Resource Center |publisher= Catholiceducation.org |access-date= 13 November 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110629203818/http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/medical_ethics/me0116.htm |archive-date= 29 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author= Matthew Syed |date= 12 May 2008 |url= http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/guest_contributors/article3912708.ece |title= Embryos have souls? What nonsense |work= [[The Times]] |location= UK |access-date= 13 November 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110918113735/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/guest_contributors/article3912708.ece |archive-date= 18 September 2011}}</ref><ref>"The Soul of the Embryo: An Enquiry into the Status of the Human Embryo in the Christian Tradition", by David Albert Jones, Continuum Press, 2005, {{ISBN|978-0-8264-6296-1}}</ref>

====Trichotomy of the soul====
[[Augustine of Hippo|Augustine]] (354-430), one of Western Christianity's most influential early Christian thinkers, described the soul as "a special substance, endowed with reason, adapted to rule the body". Some Christians espouse a [[trichotomy (philosophy)|trichotomic]] view of humans, which characterizes humans as consisting of a body (''soma''), soul (''psyche''), and spirit (''pneuma'').<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14153a.htm |title= Soul |publisher= newadvent.org |date= 1 July 1912 |access-date= 13 November 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111128201145/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14153a.htm |archive-date=  28 November 2011| quote = In St. Paul we find a more technical phraseology employed with great consistency. Psyche is now appropriated to the purely natural life; pneuma to the life of supernatural religion, the principle of which is the Holy Spirit, dwelling and operating in the heart. The opposition of flesh and spirit is accentuated afresh (Romans 1:18, etc.). This Pauline system, presented to a world already prepossessed in favour of a quasi-Platonic Dualism, occasioned one of the earliest widespread forms of error among Christian writers – the doctrine of the Trichotomy. According to this, man, perfect man (teleios) consists of three parts: body, soul and spirit (soma, psyche, pneuma).}}</ref> However, the majority of modern Bible scholars point out how the concepts of "spirit" and of "soul" are used interchangeably in many biblical passages, and so hold to dichotomy: the view that each human comprises a body and a soul. Paul said that the "body wars against" the soul, "For the word of God is living and active and sharper than any two-edged sword, and piercing as far as the division of soul and spirit" (Heb 4:12 NASB), and that "I buffet my body", to keep it under control.

====''Tota in toto corpore''====
According to Saint [[Thomas Aquinas]], the soul is ''«tota in toto corpore»''.<ref>Thomas Aquinas, ''Quaestiones disputatae De Anima'', ''[https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/ThomasAquinas/tho_an10.html Quaestio decima: Vtrum anima sit in toto corpore et in qualibet parte eius?]''</ref><ref>''[[Summa Theologiae|ST]]'' I-I quaestio 76. See also [[Christian Klein]], ''An anima sit tota in toto corpore, et tota in qualibet parte, disquisitio philosophica'' {{inlang|la}}, Goetschius, 1655. {{OCLC|253546381}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | jstor=43065579 | title=Recenti Studii Su la Metafisica dell'anima | last1=Pepe | first1=Giovanni | journal=Rivista di Filosofia Neo-Scolastica | date=19 November 2023 | volume=11 | issue=2 | pages=167–194 }}</ref> 
This means that the soul is ''entirely'' contained in ''every single part'' of the human body, and therefore ubiquitous and cannot be placed in a single organ (heart or brain, etc.), nor it is separable from the body (except after the body's death).

In the fourth book of ''[[De Trinitate]]'', also Augustine of Hippo states that the soul is all in the whole body and all in any part of it.<ref>{{cite book|quote=Augustinus dixit, in ''VI [[De Trinitate]]'', quod anima est tota in toto corpore, et tota in qualibet parte eius.|author=Thomas Aquinas|title=Quaestiones disputatae De Anima|chapter=quaestio 10|url=https://aquinas.cc/la/en/~QDeAn.Q10.Obj16}}</ref>

====Views of various denominations====
; Roman Catholicism
The present [[Catechism of the Catholic Church]] states that the term soul
: "refers to the innermost aspect of [persons], that which is of greatest value in [them], that by which [they are] most especially in God's image: ‘soul’ signifies the spiritual principle in [humanity]".<ref>{{cite book |title= Catechism of the Catholic Church |section=paragraph&nbsp;363 |section-url= https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P1B.HTM |via= Vatican.va |access-date= 1 March 2023 }}</ref>

All souls living and dead will be judged by Jesus Christ when [[Second Coming|he comes back to earth]]. The Catholic Church teaches that the existence of each individual soul is dependent wholly upon God:
: "The doctrine of the faith affirms that the spiritual and immortal soul is created immediately by God."<ref>{{cite book |title=Catechism of the Catholic Church |section=paragraph&nbsp;382 |via= Vatican.va |section-url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p1s2c1p6.htm |access-date= 13 November 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111116203545/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p1s2c1p6.htm |archive-date= 16 November 2011}}</ref>

[[File:Dutch Church Sleepy Hollow 24.JPG|thumb|Depiction of the soul on a 17th&nbsp;century tombstone at the cemetery of the [[Old Dutch Church of Sleepy Hollow]] ]]
;Protestantism
Protestants generally believe in the soul's existence and immortality, but fall into two major camps about what this means in terms of an [[afterlife]].  Some, following [[John Calvin]], believe that the [[immortality of the soul|soul persists]] as consciousness after death.<ref>{{cite book |first=Paul |last=Helm |author-link=Paul Helm |year=2006 |title=John Calvin's Ideas |page=129 |quote=The Immortality of the Soul: As we saw when discussing Calvin's Christology, Calvin is a substance dualist.}}</ref> Others, following [[Martin Luther]], believe that the [[mortality of the soul|soul dies with the body]], and is unconscious ("sleeps") until the [[resurrection of the dead]].<ref>{{cite book |first1=Anthony |last1=Grafton |author1-link=Anthony Grafton |last2=Most |first2=Glenn W. |author2-link=Glenn W. Most |last3=Settis |first3=Salvatore |author3-link=Salvatore Settis |title=The Classical Tradition |year=2010 |page=480 |quote=On several occasions, Luther mentioned contemptuously that the ''Council Fathers'' had decreed the soul immortal.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Richard |last=Marius |author-link=Richard Marius |title=Martin Luther: The Christian between God and death |year=1999 |page=429 |quote=Luther, believing in soul sleep at death, held here that in the moment of resurrection ... the righteous will rise to meet Christ in the air, the ungodly will remain on earth for judgment,&nbsp;...}}</ref>

;Adventism:
Various [[new religious movement]]s deriving from [[Adventism]] — including [[Christadelphians]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Birmingham Amended Statement of Faith |url=http://www.christadelphia.org/basf.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140216144622/http://www.christadelphia.org/basf.htm |archive-date=16 February 2014 }}</ref> [[Seventh-day Adventist Church|Seventh-day Adventists]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-03 |title=Soul Sleep {{!}} Adventist Review |url=https://adventistreview.org/magazine-article/2009-24/ |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=adventistreview.org |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=beckettj |title=What Is Your Soul, According to the Bible? |url=https://www.adventist.org/death-and-resurrection/what-is-your-soul-according-to-the-bible/ |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=Adventist.org |language=en-US}}</ref> and [[Jehovah's Witnesses]]<ref>{{cite periodical |title= Do you have an immortal soul? |date= 15 July 2007 |periodical=[[The Watchtower]] |page=3 |url=http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/2007520 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231082848/http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/2007520 |archive-date=31 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=What Does the Bible Really Teach? |page=211}}</ref> — similarly believe that the dead do not possess a soul separate from the body and are unconscious until the resurrection.

;Latter-day Saints ('Mormonism'):
[[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] teaches that the spirit and body together constitute the Soul of Man (Mankind). "The spirit and the body are the soul of man."<ref>{{cite book |title=[[Doctrine and Covenants]] |section=88:15 |publisher=[[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] |place=Salt Lake City, UT |section-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Err_Jdbuu84C |via=Google Books |quote=And the spirit and the body is the soul of man.}}</ref> Latter-day Saints believe that the soul is the union of a pre-existing, God-made spirit<ref>{{cite book |title=[[Book of Moses|Moses]] |section=6:51 |publisher=[[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] |place=Salt Lake City, UT |section-url= https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/pgp/moses/6.51?lang=eng |access-date= 2016-02-23 |via=churchofjesuschrist.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title= Hebrews |section=12:9 |publisher=[[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] |place=Salt Lake City, UT |section-url= https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/nt/heb/12.9?lang=eng |access-date= 2016-02-23 |via=churchofjesuschrist.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Doctrine and Covenants |section=131:7–8 |publisher=[[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] |place=Salt Lake City, UT |section-url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/dc-testament/dc/131.7-8?lang=eng |via=churchofjesuschrist.org |quote=Joseph Smith goes so far as to say that these spirits are made of a finer matter that we cannot see in our current state}}</ref> and a temporal body, which is formed by physical conception on earth.

After death, the spirit continues to live and progress in the [[Spirit world (Latter Day Saints)|Spirit world]] until the [[resurrection]], when it is reunited with the body that once housed it. This reuniting of body and spirit results in a perfect soul that is immortal, and eternal, and capable of receiving a fulness of joy.<ref>{{cite book |title=[[Book of Mormon]] |chapter=Alma |at=5:15; 11:43–45; 40:23; 41:2 |publisher=[[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] |place=Salt Lake City, UT}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Doctrine and Covenants |section=93:33–34 |section-url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/dc-testament/dc/93.33-34?lang=eng |via=churchofjesuschrist.org}}</ref>

Latter-day Saint cosmology also describes "intelligences" as the essence of consciousness or agency. These are co-eternal with God, and animate the spirits.<ref>{{cite book |title=[[Doctrine and Covenants]] |section=93:29–30 |publisher=[[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] |place=Salt Lake City, UT |section-url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/dc-testament/dc/93.29-30?lang=eng |via=churchofjesuschrist.org}}</ref> The union of a newly-created spirit body with an eternally-existing intelligence constitutes a "spirit birth"{{Citation needed |date= April 2014}} and justifies God's title "Father of our spirits".<ref>{{cite book |title=[[Teachings of Presidents of the Church]] |year=2011 |section=Chapter&nbsp;37: Joseph F. Smith |pages=331–338 |publisher=[[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] |place=Salt Lake City, UT |section-url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/teachings-joseph-f-smith/chapter-37?lang=eng}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Spirit |series=Guide to the Scriptures |publisher=[[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] |place=Salt Lake City, UT |url= https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/gs/spirit?lang=eng |access-date= 2014-04-07 |via=churchofjesuschrist.org
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite book
 |title=[[Gospel Principles]]
 |section=Chapter&nbsp;41: The Postmortal Spirit World
 |publisher=[[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]
 |place=Salt Lake City, UT
 |section-url= https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/gospel-principles/chapter-41-the-postmortal-spirit-world?lang=eng
 |access-date= 2016-02-23
 |via= churchofjesuschrist.org
}}
</ref>