Sleep deprivation

===Mental illness===
The specific causal relationships between sleep loss and effects on psychiatric disorders have been most extensively studied in patients with mood disorders.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Benca RM | title = Sleep in psychiatric disorders | journal = Neurologic Clinics | volume = 14 | issue = 4 | pages = 739–764 | date = November 1996 | pmid = 8923493 | doi = 10.1016/s0733-8619(05)70283-8 }}</ref>{{medical citation needed|date=March 2021}} Shifts into [[mania]] in bipolar patients are often preceded by periods of [[insomnia]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = McKenna BS, Eyler LT | title = Overlapping prefrontal systems involved in cognitive and emotional processing in euthymic bipolar disorder and following sleep deprivation: a review of functional neuroimaging studies | journal = Clinical Psychology Review | volume = 32 | issue = 7 | pages = 650–663 | date = November 2012 | pmid = 22926687 | pmc = 3922056 | doi = 10.1016/j.cpr.2012.07.003 }}</ref> and sleep deprivation has been shown to induce a manic state in about 30% of patients.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Young JW, Dulcis D | title = Investigating the mechanism(s) underlying switching between states in bipolar disorder | journal = European Journal of Pharmacology | volume = 759 | pages = 151–162 | date = July 2015 | pmid = 25814263 | pmc = 4437855 | doi = 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.019 }}</ref> Sleep deprivation may represent a final common pathway in the genesis of mania,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wehr TA, Sack DA, Rosenthal NE | title = Sleep reduction as a final common pathway in the genesis of mania | journal = The American Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 144 | issue = 2 | pages = 201–204 | date = February 1987 | pmid = 3812788 | doi = 10.1176/ajp.144.2.201 }}</ref> and manic patients usually have a continuous reduced need for sleep.<ref>{{cite book|author=American Psychiatry Association|title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|date=2013|publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing |location=Arlington |isbn=978-0-89042-555-8 |pages=123–154 |edition=5th}}</ref>

Chronic sleep problems affect 50% to 80% of patients in a typical psychiatric practice, compared with 10% to 18% of adults in the general U.S. population. Sleep problems are particularly common in patients with anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).<ref name="mayoclinic.org"/>

The symptoms of sleep deprivation and those of [[schizophrenia]] are parallel, including those of positive and cognitive symptoms.<ref name="Pocivavsek">{{cite journal | vauthors = Pocivavsek A, Rowland LM | title = Basic Neuroscience Illuminates Causal Relationship Between Sleep and Memory: Translating to Schizophrenia | journal = Schizophrenia Bulletin | volume = 44 | issue = 1 | pages = 7–14 | date = January 2018 | pmid = 29136236 | pmc = 5768044 | doi = 10.1093/schbul/sbx151 }}</ref>
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