Pol Pot

=== Return to Cambodia: 1953–1954 ===
[[File:Norodom Sihanouk 1941.jpg|thumb|upright|[[King Sihanouk]] disbanded the Cambodian government and National Assembly before securing independence from French colonial rule in 1953.]]

Sâr arrived in Saigon on 13 January 1953, the same day on which Sihanouk disbanded the [[Democratic Party (Cambodia)|Democratic]]-controlled [[National Assembly of Cambodia|National Assembly]], began [[Rule by decree|ruling by decree]], and imprisoned Democratic members of parliament without trial.{{sfn|Short|2004|p=83}} Amid the broader [[First Indochina War]] in neighboring [[French Indochina]], Cambodia was in a civil war,{{sfn|Short|2004|pp=85–86}} with civilian massacres and other atrocities carried out by all sides.{{sfn|Short|2004|pp=88–89}} Sâr spent several months at the headquarters of Prince [[Norodom Chantaraingsey]]—the leader of one faction—in Trapeng Kroloeung,{{sfn|Short|2004|p=87}} before moving to Phnom Penh, where he met with fellow Cercle member Ping Say to discuss the situation.{{sfn|Short|2004|p=89}} Sâr regarded the [[Khmer Việt Minh]], a mixed Vietnamese and Cambodian guerrilla subgroup of the North Vietnam-based Việt Minh, as the most promising resistance group. He believed the Khmer Việt Minh's relationship to the Việt Minh and thus the international movement made it the best group for the Cercle Marxiste to support.{{sfn|Short|2004|pp=89–90}} The Cercle members in Paris took his recommendation.{{sfn|Short|2004|p=90}}

In August 1953, Sâr and Rath Samoeun travelled to Krabao, the headquarters of the Việt Minh Eastern Zone.{{sfn|Short|2004|pp=90, 95}} Over the following nine months, around 12 other Cercle members joined them there.{{sfn|Short|2004|p=96}} They found that the Khmer Việt Minh was run and numerically dominated by Vietnamese guerrillas, with Khmer recruits largely given menial tasks; Sâr was tasked with growing [[cassava]] and working in the canteen.{{sfnm|1a1=Chandler|1y=1992|1p=44|2a1=Short|2y=2004|2p=96}} At Krabao, he gained a rudimentary grasp of [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]],{{sfn|Short|2004|p=100}} and rose to become secretary and aide to [[Tou Samouth]], the Secretary of the Khmer Việt Minh's Eastern Zone.{{sfnm|1a1=Chandler|1y=1992|1p=45|2a1=Short|2y=2004|2p=100}}

Sihanouk desired independence from French rule, but after France refused his requests he called for public resistance to its administration in June 1953. Khmer troops deserted the French Army in large numbers and the French government relented, rather than risk a costly, protracted war to retain control.{{sfn|Short|2004|pp=92–95}} In November, Sihanouk declared Cambodia's independence.{{sfnm|1a1=Chandler|1y=1992|1pp=44–45|2a1=Short|2y=2004|2p=95}} The civil conflict then intensified, with France backing Sihanouk's war against the rebels.{{sfn|Short|2004|p=101}} Following the [[Geneva Conference (1954)|Geneva Conference]] held to end the First Indochina War, Sihanouk secured an agreement from the [[North Vietnam]]ese that they would withdraw Khmer Việt Minh forces from Cambodian territory.{{sfnm|1a1=Chandler|1y=1992|1pp=45–46|2a1=Short|2y=2004|2pp=103–04}} The last Khmer Việt Minh units left Cambodia for North Vietnam in October 1954.{{sfnm|1a1=Chandler|1y=1992|1p=46|2a1=Short|2y=2004|2p=104}} Sâr was not among them, deciding to remain in Cambodia; he trekked, via [[South Vietnam]], to [[Prey Veng (city)|Prey Veng]] to reach Phnom Penh.{{sfnm|1a1=Chandler|1y=1992|1p=46|2a1=Short|2y=2004|2pp=104–05}} He and other Cambodian revolutionaries decided to pursue their aims through electoral means.{{sfn|Short|2004|p=105}}