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AdvancedSpecial charactersHelpHeadingLevel 2Level 3Level 4Level 5FormatInsertLatinLatin extendedIPASymbolsGreekGreek extendedCyrillicArabicArabic extendedHebrewBanglaTamilTeluguSinhalaDevanagariGujaratiThaiLaoKhmerCanadian AboriginalRunesÁáÀàÂâÄäÃãǍǎĀāĂ㥹ÅåĆćĈĉÇçČčĊċĐđĎďÉéÈèÊêËëĚěĒēĔĕĖėĘęĜĝĢģĞğĠġĤĥĦħÍíÌìÎîÏïĨĩǏǐĪīĬĭİıĮįĴĵĶķĹĺĻļĽľŁłŃńÑñŅņŇňÓóÒòÔôÖöÕõǑǒŌōŎŏǪǫŐőŔŕŖŗŘřŚśŜŝŞşŠšȘșȚțŤťÚúÙùÛûÜüŨũŮůǓǔŪūǖǘǚǜŬŭŲųŰűŴŵÝýŶŷŸÿȲȳŹźŽžŻżÆæǢǣØøŒœßÐðÞþƏəFormattingLinksHeadingsListsFilesDiscussionReferencesDescriptionWhat you typeWhat you getItalic''Italic text''Italic textBold'''Bold text'''Bold textBold & italic'''''Bold & italic text'''''Bold & italic textDescriptionWhat you typeWhat you getReferencePage text.<ref>[https://www.example.org/ Link text], additional text.</ref>Page text.[1]Named referencePage text.<ref name="test">[https://www.example.org/ Link text]</ref>Page text.[2]Additional use of the same referencePage text.<ref name="test" />Page text.[2]Display references<references />↑ Link text, additional text.↑ Link text=== Independence (1946–present) === {{Main|History of the Philippines (1946–1965)|History of the Philippines (1965–1986)|History of the Philippines (1986–present)}}[[File:Philippine Independence, July 4 1946.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|The raising of the [[Flag of the Philippines]] during the declaration of Philippine Independence on July 4, 1946]] Efforts at post-war reconstruction and ending the [[Hukbalahap Rebellion]] succeeded during [[Ramon Magsaysay]]'s presidency,<ref>{{cite book|last=Goodwin |first=Jeff |url=https://archive.org/details/nootherwayout00jeff |title=No Other Way Out: States and Revolutionary Movements, 1945–1991 |series=Cambridge Studies in Comparative Politics |date=2001 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge, England |isbn=978-0-521-62069-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/nootherwayout00jeff/page/118 118] |author1-link=Jeff Goodwin}}</ref> but sporadic communist insurgency continued to flare up long afterward.<ref name="Tucker-2013">{{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Tucker |editor-first=Spencer C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LXCjAQAAQBAJ |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Insurgency and Counterinsurgency: A New Era of Modern Warfare |title=Hukbalahap Rebellion |date=October 29, 2013 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=978-1-61069-280-9 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=LXCjAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA244 244] |language=en |editor-link1=Spencer C. Tucker}}</ref> Under Magsaysay's successor, [[Carlos P. Garcia]], the government initiated a [[Filipino First policy]] which promoted Filipino-owned businesses.<ref name="Abinales-2005" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xiOQdEzgP9kC&pg=PA182|name=182}}}} Succeeding Garcia, [[Diosdado Macapagal]] moved Independence Day from July 4 to June 12—the date of Emilio Aguinaldo's declaration—<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Republic Day |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/featured/republic-day/about/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225103921/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/featured/republic-day/about/ |archive-date=February 25, 2018 |access-date=February 12, 2023 |website=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]] |at=II. Independence Day moved from July 4 to June 12}}</ref> and pursued [[North Borneo dispute|a claim]] on eastern [[North Borneo]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Dobbs |first=Charles M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wkMaBwAAQBAJ |title=Trade and Security: The United States and East Asia, 1961–1969 |date=February 19, 2010 |publisher=[[Cambridge Scholars Publishing]] |location=Newcastle upon Tyne, England |isbn=978-1-4438-1995-4 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=wkMaBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA222 222] |language=en |access-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-date=March 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306103527/https://books.google.com/books?id=wkMaBwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Weatherbee |first1=Donald E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4wqEC4jHl9wC |title=International Relations in Southeast Asia: The Struggle for Autonomy |last2=Emmers |first2=Ralf |last3=Pangestu |first3=Mari |last4=Sebastian |first4=Leonard C. |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |location=Lanham, Md. |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7425-2842-0 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=4wqEC4jHl9wC&pg=PA68 68–69] |access-date=October 18, 2015 |archive-date=June 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604143037/https://books.google.com/books?id=4wqEC4jHl9wC |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Marcos Declares Martial Law.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos|The Declaration of Martial Law]] in the headlines of the Sunday Express]] In 1965, Macapagal [[1965 Philippine presidential election|lost]] the presidential election to [[Ferdinand Marcos]]. [[First term of the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos|Early in his presidency]], Marcos began infrastructure projects funded mostly by foreign loans; this improved the economy, and contributed to his [[1969 Philippine presidential election|reelection in 1969]].<ref name="Timberman-1991">{{cite book |last=Timberman |first=David G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NkBO2RhI4NUC |title=A Changeless Land: Continuity and Change in Philippine Politics |publisher=[[M.E. Sharpe]] |location=Armonk, N.Y. |year=1991 |isbn=978-981-3035-86-7 |access-date=September 28, 2020 |archive-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218094758/https://books.google.com/books?id=NkBO2RhI4NUC |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NkBO2RhI4NUC&pg=PA58|name=58}}}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Fernandes |first=Clinton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6mrU4FBGqCAC |title=Hot Spot: Asia and Oceania |date=June 30, 2008 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Westport, Conn. |isbn=978-0-313-35413-7 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6mrU4FBGqCAC&pg=PA188 188] |language=en |author-link1=Clinton Fernandes |access-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203073832/https://books.google.com/books?id=6mrU4FBGqCAC |url-status=live }}</ref> Near the end of his last constitutionally-permitted term, Marcos [[Proclamation No. 1081|declared martial law]] on September 21, 1972<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Declaration of Martial Law |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/featured/declaration-of-martial-law/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708065018/http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/featured/declaration-of-martial-law/ |archive-date=July 8, 2017 |access-date=September 1, 2020 |website=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]]}}</ref> using the specter of communism<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Hastedt |first=Glenn P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9HpR1b5zZxwC |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy |title=Philippines |date=January 1, 2004 |publisher=[[Facts On File]] |location=New York, N.Y. |isbn=978-1-4381-0989-3 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=9HpR1b5zZxwC&pg=392 392] |language=en |access-date=March 17, 2023 |archive-date=May 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510063237/https://books.google.com/books?id=9HpR1b5zZxwC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Martin |editor-first1=Gus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ClN2AwAAQBAJ |encyclopedia=The SAGE Encyclopedia of Terrorism |edition=Second |title=New People's Army |date=June 15, 2011 |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |location=Thousand Oaks, Calif. |isbn=978-1-4522-6638-1 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ClN2AwAAQBAJ&pg=427 427] |language=en |author-link1=C. Augustus Martin |access-date=March 17, 2023 |archive-date=April 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420100924/https://books.google.com/books?id=ClN2AwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=van der Kroef |first1=Justus M. |title=Asian Communism in the Crucible |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6XBafuPyHq8C |journal=Problems of Communism |date=1975 |publisher=Documentary Studies Section, [[International Information Administration]] |issue=March–April 1975 |volume=XXIV |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6XBafuPyHq8C&pg=PA59 59] |access-date=September 28, 2020 |archive-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212090208/https://books.google.com/books?id=6XBafuPyHq8C |url-status=live }}</ref> and began to [[rule by decree]];<ref name="TheEuropaWorldYear-2004">{{cite book |title=The Europa World Year: Kazakhstan – Zimbabwe |date=2004 |publisher=[[Europa Publications]] |location=London, England |edition=45th |volume=II |isbn=978-1-85743-255-8 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=gP_-8rXzQs8C&pg=PA3408 3408] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gP_-8rXzQs8C |language=en |access-date=March 22, 2023 |archive-date=January 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114164345/https://books.google.com/books?id=gP_-8rXzQs8C |url-status=live }}</ref> the period was characterized by [[Political detainees under the Marcos dictatorship|political repression]], [[Journalism during the Marcos dictatorship|censorship]], and [[Human rights abuses of the Marcos dictatorship|human rights violations]].<ref>{{cite report|last1=Leary |first1=Virginia A. |url=https://www.icj.org/wp-content/uploads/1984/01/Philippines-human-rights-mission-report-1984-eng.pdf |title=The Philippines: Human Rights After Martial Law: Report of a Mission |last2=Ellis |first2=A. A. |last3=Madlener |first3=Kurt |date=1984 |publisher=[[International Commission of Jurists]] |isbn=978-92-9037-023-9 |location=Geneva, Switzerland |chapter=Chapter 1: An Overview of Human Rights |access-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329103100/https://www.icj.org/wp-content/uploads/1984/01/Philippines-human-rights-mission-report-1984-eng.pdf |archive-date=March 29, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=van Erven |first=Eugène |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mWe8mLteIigC |title=The Playful Revolution: Theatre and Liberation in Asia |date=1992 |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |location=Bloomington, Ind. |isbn=978-0-253-20729-6 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mWe8mLteIigC&pg=PA35 35] |language=en |access-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-date=March 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306103527/https://books.google.com/books?id=mWe8mLteIigC |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Monopolies in the Philippines (1965–1986)|Monopolies]] controlled by [[Cronies of Ferdinand Marcos|Marcos' cronies]] were established in key industries,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kang |first1=David C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=im465FAopWMC |title=Crony Capitalism: Corruption and Development in South Korea and the Philippines |date=January 24, 2002 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge, England |isbn=978-0-521-00408-4 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=im465FAopWMC&pg=PA140 140] |language=en |author-link1=David C. Kang |access-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-date=March 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306103527/https://books.google.com/books?id=im465FAopWMC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=White |first=Lynn T. III |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4mvfBQAAQBAJ |title=Philippine Politics: Possibilities and Problems in a Localist Democracy |series=Routledge Contemporary Southeast Asia Series |date=December 17, 2014 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London, England |isbn=978-1-317-57422-4 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=4mvfBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA74 74] |language=en |access-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203074430/https://books.google.com/books?id=4mvfBQAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Salazar |first=Lorraine Carlos |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wA2P9HBcr2YC |title=Getting a Dial Tone: Telecommunications Liberalisation in Malaysia and the Philippines |date=2007 |publisher=[[ISEAS - Yusof Ishak Institute|Institute of Southeast Asian Studies]] |location=Singapore |isbn=978-981-230-382-0 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=wA2P9HBcr2YC&pg=PA12 12–13] |language=en |access-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-date=March 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306103527/https://books.google.com/books?id=wA2P9HBcr2YC |url-status=live }}</ref> including [[Deforestation in the Philippines#Deforestation during the martial law era|logging]]<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Inoue |editor-first1=M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nwTuCAAAQBAJ |title=People and Forest — Policy and Local Reality in Southeast Asia, the Russian Far East, and Japan |editor-last2=Isozaki |editor-first2=H. |date=November 11, 2013 |publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]] |location=Dordrecht, Netherlands |isbn=978-94-017-2554-5 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=nwTuCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA142 142] |language=en |access-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-date=March 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306103527/https://books.google.com/books?id=nwTuCAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> and broadcasting;<ref name="Guillermo-2012" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wmgX9M_yETIC&pg=PA120|name=120}}}} a sugar monopoly led to [[Negros famine|a famine on the island of Negros]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||date=September 10, 1985 |title=UCAN Special Report: What's Behind the Negros Famine Crisis |language=en |work=[[Union of Catholic Asian News]] |url=https://www.ucanews.com/story-archive/?post_name=/1985/09/11/ucan-special-report-whats-behind-the-negros-famine-crisis&post_id=33345 |access-date=February 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322040705/https://www.ucanews.com/story-archive/?post_name=/1985/09/11/ucan-special-report-whats-behind-the-negros-famine-crisis&post_id=33345 |archive-date=March 22, 2016}}</ref> With his wife, [[Imelda Marcos|Imelda]], Marcos was accused of corruption and [[Unexplained wealth of the Marcos family|embezzling billions of dollars]] of public funds.<ref>{{cite book |last=SarDesai |first=D. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yjNWDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT206 |title=Southeast Asia: Past and Present |date=December 4, 2012 |edition=7th |publisher=[[Westview Press]] |isbn=978-0-8133-4838-4 |language=en |access-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-date=March 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306103527/https://books.google.com/books?id=yjNWDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT206 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Vogl |first=Frank |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hBCMTGiVBYMC |title=Waging War on Corruption: Inside the Movement Fighting the Abuse of Power |date=September 2016 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |location=Boulder, Colo. |isbn=978-1-4422-1853-6 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hBCMTGiVBYMC&pg=PA60 60] |language=en |access-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-date=March 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306103527/https://books.google.com/books?id=hBCMTGiVBYMC |url-status=live }}</ref> Marcos' heavy borrowing [[1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis|early in his presidency]] resulted in [[Economic history of the Philippines (1965–1986)|economic crashes]], exacerbated by an [[early 1980s recession]] where the economy contracted by 7.3 percent annually in 1984 and 1985.<ref name="Thompson-Batalla-2018">{{cite book |editor-last1=Thompson |editor-first1=Mark R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DmkPEAAAQBAJ |title=Routledge Handbook of the Contemporary Philippines |series=Routledge Handbooks |editor-last2=Batalla |editor-first2=Eric Vincent C. |date=February 19, 2018 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London, England |isbn=978-1-317-48526-1 |language=en |author-link1=Mark R. Thompson |access-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-date=March 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306103526/https://books.google.com/books?id=DmkPEAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DmkPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA212|name=212}}}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Raquiza |first=Antoinette R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g5bkhjFAzyMC |title=State Structure, Policy Formation, and Economic Development in Southeast Asia: The Political Economy of Thailand and the Philippines |series=Routledge Studies in the Growth Economies of Asia |date=June 17, 2013 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London, England |isbn=978-1-136-50502-7 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=g5bkhjFAzyMC&pg=PA40 40–41] |language=en |access-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203074317/https://books.google.com/books?id=g5bkhjFAzyMC |url-status=live }}</ref> On August 21, 1983, opposition leader [[Ninoy Aquino|Benigno Aquino Jr.]] (Marcos' chief rival) was [[Assassination of Ninoy Aquino|assassinated on the tarmac]] at [[Ninoy Aquino International Airport|Manila International Airport]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Quinn-Judge |first=Paul |date=September 7, 1983 |title=Assassination of Aquino linked to power struggle for successor to Marcos |work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1983/0907/090742.html |access-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908131731/https://www.csmonitor.com/1983/0907/090742.html |archive-date=September 8, 2015}}</ref> Marcos called a snap [[1986 Philippine presidential election|presidential election in 1986]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Hermida |first=Ranilo Balaguer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VASXBQAAQBAJ |title=Imagining Modern Democracy: A Habermasian Assessment of the Philippine Experiment |date=November 19, 2014 |publisher=[[State University of New York Press|SUNY Press]] |location=Albany, N.Y. |isbn=978-1-4384-5387-3 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VASXBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA12 12] |language=en |access-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-date=March 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306103526/https://books.google.com/books?id=VASXBQAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> which proclaimed him the winner, but the results were widely regarded as fraudulent.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNABK494.pdf |title=A Path to Democratic Renewal |last1=Atwood |first1=J. Brian |last2=Schuette |first2=Keith E. |page=350 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512220659/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNABK494.pdf |archive-date=May 12, 2014 |via=[[National Democratic Institute for International Affairs]] and [[International Republican Institute]] |author-link1=J. Brian Atwood}}</ref> The resulting protests led to the [[People Power Revolution]],<ref name="LATimes-3DayRevolution">{{#invoke:cite news||last=Fineman |first=Mark |date=February 27, 1986 |title=The 3-Day Revolution: How Marcos Was Toppled |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-02-27-mn-12085-story.html |access-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200825042718/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-02-27-mn-12085-story.html |archive-date=August 25, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Burgess |first=John |date=April 21, 1986 |title=Not All Filipinos Glad Marcos Is Out |newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1986/04/21/not-all-filipinos-glad-marcos-is-out/d90b949f-da34-410a-be2e-95056958bcb2/ |access-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230212085658/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1986/04/21/not-all-filipinos-glad-marcos-is-out/d90b949f-da34-410a-be2e-95056958bcb2/ |archive-date=February 12, 2023}}</ref> which forced Marcos and his allies to flee to [[Hawaii]]. Aquino's widow, [[Corazon Aquino|Corazon]], was installed as president.<ref name="LATimes-3DayRevolution" /> [[File:Pinatubo91eruption plume.jpg|thumb|alt=A huge ash cloud, seen from a distance|The June [[1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo]] was the [[List of volcanic eruptions 1500–1999|second-largest terrestrial eruption]] of the 20th century.<ref name=usgs>{{#invoke:cite web||last1=Newhall |first1=Chris |last2=Hendley |first2=James W. II |last3=Stauffer |first3=Peter H. |name-list-style=amp |date=February 28, 2005 |title=The Cataclysmic 1991 Eruption of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines (U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 113-97) |series=Reducing the Risk from Volcano Hazards |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/fs113-97/fs113-97.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060217063847/https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/fs113-97/fs113-97.pdf |archive-date=February 17, 2006 |access-date=April 22, 2023 |publisher=[[United States Department of the Interior|U.S. Department of the Interior]]; [[United States Geological Survey|U.S. Geological Survey]] |oclc=731752857}}</ref>]] The return of democracy and government reforms which began in 1986 were hampered by [[National debt of the Philippines|national debt]], government corruption, and [[Coup attempts against Corazon Aquino|coup attempts]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Kingsbury |first=Damien |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8CQlDwAAQBAJ |title=Politics in Contemporary Southeast Asia: Authority, Democracy and Political Change |date=September 13, 2016 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London, England |isbn=978-1-317-49628-1 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8CQlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA132 132] |author-link1=Damien Kingsbury |access-date=September 28, 2020 |archive-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212193225/https://books.google.com/books?id=8CQlDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Timberman-1991" />{{rp|pages=xii, xiii}} A [[Communist rebellion in the Philippines|communist insurgency]]<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Tan |editor-first1=Andrew T. H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzMmpCinBYoC |title=A Handbook of Terrorism and Insurgency in Southeast Asia |date=January 2009 |publisher=[[Edward Elgar Publishing]] |location=Cheltenham, England |isbn=978-1-84720-718-0 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzMmpCinBYoC&pg=PA405 405]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|date=February 14, 2011 |title=The Communist Insurgency in the Philippines: Tactics and Talks |url=https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4d5a310e2.pdf |journal=Asia Report N°202 |publisher=[[International Crisis Group]] |pages=5–7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806030349/https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4d5a310e2.pdf |archive-date=August 6, 2020 |access-date=September 2, 2020 |oclc=905388916 |via=Refworld}}</ref> and military conflict with [[Moro conflict|Moro separatists]] persisted;<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Mydans |first=Seth |date=September 14, 1986 |title=Philippine Communists Are Spread Widely, but Not Thinly |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/09/14/weekinreview/philippine-communists-are-spread-widely-but-not-thinly.html |access-date=September 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524190820/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/09/14/weekinreview/philippine-communists-are-spread-widely-but-not-thinly.html |archive-date=May 24, 2015}}</ref> the administration also faced a series of disasters, including the eruption of [[Mount Pinatubo]] in June 1991.<ref name=usgs/> Aquino was succeeded by [[Fidel V. Ramos]], who [[Economic liberalization|liberalized]] the national economy with [[privatization]] and [[deregulation]].<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Pecotich |editor-first1=Anthony |editor-last2=Shultz |editor-first2=Clifford J. |title=Handbook of Markets and Economies: East Asia, Southeast Asia, Australia, New Zealand: East Asia, Southeast Asia, Australia, New Zealand |date=July 22, 2016 |publisher=[[M. E. Sharpe]] |location=Armonk, N.Y. |isbn=978-1-315-49875-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ySe3DAAAQBAJ&pg=PT546 |language=en |access-date=March 22, 2023 |archive-date=March 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322171259/https://books.google.com/books?id=ySe3DAAAQBAJ&pg=PT546 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ortega |first1=Arnisson Andre |title=Neoliberalizing Spaces in the Philippines: Suburbanization, Transnational Migration, and Dispossession |date=September 9, 2016 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |location=Lanham, Md. |isbn=978-1-4985-3052-1 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=wDTVDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA51 51–52] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wDTVDAAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=March 22, 2023 |archive-date=March 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322171253/https://books.google.com/books?id=wDTVDAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ramos' economic gains were overshadowed by the onset of the [[1997 Asian financial crisis]].<ref name="NYTimes-Gargan-1997">{{#invoke:cite news||last=Gargan |first=Edward A. |date=December 11, 1997 |title=Last Laugh for the Philippines; Onetime Joke Economy Avoids Much of Asia's Turmoil |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/11/business/last-laugh-for-philippines-onetime-joke-economy-avoids-much-asia-s-turmoil.html |access-date=January 25, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091228024452/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/11/business/last-laugh-for-philippines-onetime-joke-economy-avoids-much-asia-s-turmoil.html |archive-date=December 28, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Pempel |editor-first1=T. J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sTAuUXE_ANsC |title=The Politics of the Asian Economic Crisis |publisher=[[Cornell University Press]] |location=Ithaca, N.Y. |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-8014-8634-0 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=sTAuUXE_ANsC&pg=163 163] |author-link1=T. J. Pempel |access-date=March 28, 2016 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203074317/https://books.google.com/books?id=sTAuUXE_ANsC |url-status=live }}</ref> His successor, [[Joseph Estrada]], prioritized public housing<ref>{{cite journal|last=Rebullida |first=Ma. Lourdes G. |date=December 2003 |title=The Politics of Urban Poor Housing: State and Civil Society Dynamics |url=https://www.pssc.org.ph/wp-content/pssc-archives/Philippine%20Political%20Science%20Journal/2003/06_The%20Political%20of%20Urban%20Poor%20Housing_%20State%20and%20Civil%20Society%20Dynamics.pdf |journal=Philippine Political Science Journal |publisher=Philippine Political Science Association |volume=24 |issue=47 |page=56 |doi=10.1080/01154451.2003.9754247 |s2cid=154441392 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511215251/https://www.pssc.org.ph/wp-content/pssc-archives/Philippine%20Political%20Science%20Journal/2003/06_The%20Political%20of%20Urban%20Poor%20Housing_%20State%20and%20Civil%20Society%20Dynamics.pdf |archive-date=May 11, 2021 |access-date=February 12, 2023}}</ref> but faced corruption allegations<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bhargava |first1=Vinay Kumar |last2=Bolongaita |first2=Emil P. |title=Challenging Corruption in Asia: Case Studies and a Framework for Action |series=Directions in Development |date=2004 |publisher=[[World Bank Publications]] |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=978-0-8213-5683-8 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=gHS1bTsu2IUC&pg=PA78 78] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gHS1bTsu2IUC |language=en |access-date=March 22, 2023 |archive-date=March 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322171257/https://books.google.com/books?id=gHS1bTsu2IUC |url-status=live }}</ref> which led to his overthrow by the [[Second EDSA Revolution|2001 EDSA Revolution]] and the succession of Vice President [[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo]] on January 20, 2001.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Landler |first=Mark |date=February 9, 2001 |title=In Philippines, The Economy As Casualty; The President Ousted, a Credibility Repair Job |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/09/business/philippines-economy-casualty-president-ousted-credibility-repair-job.html |access-date=February 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100119090537/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/09/business/philippines-economy-casualty-president-ousted-credibility-repair-job.html |archive-date=January 19, 2010 |author-link1=Mark Landler}}</ref> Arroyo's [[Presidency of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo|nine-year administration]] was marked by economic growth,<ref name="CIAWorldFactBook" /> but was tainted by corruption and political scandals,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hutchcroft |first1=Paul D. (Paul David) |title=The Arroyo Imbroglio in the Philippines |journal=[[Journal of Democracy]] |date=2008 |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=141–155 |doi=10.1353/jod.2008.0001 |issn=1086-3214 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/230460 |access-date=June 16, 2023 |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |s2cid=144031968 |via=[[Project MUSE]] |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Dizon |first=David |date=August 4, 2010 |title=Corruption was Gloria's biggest mistake: survey |work=[[ABS-CBN News]] |url=http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/nation/08/04/10/corruption-was-glorias-biggest-mistake-survey |access-date=April 15, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100806185404/http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/nation/08/04/10/corruption-was-glorias-biggest-mistake-survey |archive-date=August 6, 2010}}</ref> including [[Hello Garci scandal|electoral fraud allegations]] during the [[2004 Philippine presidential election|2004 presidential election]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=McCoy |first1=Alfred W. |author1-link=Alfred W. McCoy |title=Policing America's Empire: The United States, the Philippines, and the Rise of the Surveillance State |date=October 15, 2009 |publisher=[[University of Wisconsin Press]] |location=Madison, Wis. |isbn=978-0-299-23413-3 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=QYj6WUGsRuEC&pg=PA498 498] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QYj6WUGsRuEC |access-date=October 21, 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Economic growth continued during [[Benigno Aquino III]]'s administration, which advocated good governance and transparency.<ref name="Lum-Dolven-2014">{{cite report|last1=Lum |first1=Thomas |last2=Dolven |first2=Ben |date=May 15, 2014 |title=The Republic of the Philippines and U.S. Interests—2014 |url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R43498/7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417070815/https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R43498/7 |archive-date=April 17, 2022 |access-date=September 14, 2020 |website=[[CRS Reports]] |publisher=[[Congressional Research Service]] |oclc=1121453557}}</ref>{{rp|pages=1, 3}}<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Lucas |first=Dax |date=June 8, 2012 |title=Aquino attributes growth to good governance |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=https://globalnation.inquirer.net/39227/aquino-attributes-growth-to-good-governance |access-date=September 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610044835/https://globalnation.inquirer.net/39227/aquino-attributes-growth-to-good-governance |archive-date=June 10, 2012}}</ref> Aquino III signed [[Comprehensive Agreement on the Bangsamoro|a peace agreement]] with the [[Moro Islamic Liberation Front]] (MILF) resulting in the [[Bangsamoro Organic Law]] establishing an autonomous [[Bangsamoro]] region, but a [[Mamasapano clash|shootout with MILF rebels in Mamasapano]] delayed passage of the law.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Buendia |first1=Rizal G. |title=The politics of the Bangsamoro Basic Law |date=2015 |isbn=<!-- ISBN unspecified --> |pages=3–5 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/294888285 |access-date=May 2, 2023 |publisher=Yuchengco Center, [[De La Salle University]] |language=en |doi=10.13140/RG.2.1.3954.9205/1 |doi-access=free |oclc=1243908970 |via=[[ResearchGate]]}} {{No ISBN}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Clapano |first=Jose Rodel |date=February 3, 2016 |title=Congress buries Bangsamoro bill |work=[[The Philippine Star]] |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/02/03/1549507/congress-buries-bangsamoro-bill |access-date=August 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920054536/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/02/03/1549507/congress-buries-bangsamoro-bill |archive-date=September 20, 2018}}</ref> [[Rodrigo Duterte]], elected president [[2016 Philippine presidential election|in 2016]],<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Alberto-Masakayan |first=Thea |date=May 27, 2016 |title=Duterte, Robredo win 2016 polls |work=[[ABS-CBN News]] |url=http://news.abs-cbn.com/halalan2016/nation/05/27/16/duterte-robredo-win-2016-polls/ |access-date=May 27, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528141509/http://news.abs-cbn.com/halalan2016/nation/05/27/16/duterte-robredo-win-2016-polls/ |archive-date=May 28, 2016}}</ref> launched [[Build! Build! Build!|an infrastructure program]]<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Nicolas |first=Fiona |date=November 4, 2016 |title=Big projects underway in 'golden age' of infrastructure |work=[[CNN Philippines]] |url=https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/11/04/golden-age-infrastructure-Duterte-administration-Arthur-Tugade-Mark-Villar-Ernesto-Pernia-Vince-Dizon.html |access-date=September 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107131039/https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/11/04/golden-age-infrastructure-Duterte-administration-Arthur-Tugade-Mark-Villar-Ernesto-Pernia-Vince-Dizon.html |archive-date=November 7, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=de Vera |first=Ben O. |date=August 6, 2020 |title=Build, Build, Build's 'new normal': 13 projects added, 8 removed |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=https://business.inquirer.net/304612/build-build-builds-new-normal-8-projects-added-13-removed |access-date=September 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817063018/https://business.inquirer.net/304612/build-build-builds-new-normal-8-projects-added-13-removed |archive-date=August 17, 2020}}</ref> and [[Philippine drug war|an anti-drug campaign]]<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last1=Baldwin |first1=Clare |author1-link=Clare Baldwin |last2=Marshall |first2=Andrew R.C. |date=March 16, 2017 |title=Between Duterte and a death squad, a Philippine mayor fights drug-war violence |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-drugs-mayor-idUSKBN16N33I |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316234452/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-drugs-mayor-idUSKBN16N33I |archive-date=March 16, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Merez |first=Arianne |date=March 29, 2019 |title=5,000 killed and 170,000 arrested in war on drugs: police |work=[[ABS-CBN News]] |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/02/28/19/5000-killed-and-170000-arrested-in-war-on-drugs-police |access-date=April 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329213700/https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/02/28/19/5000-killed-and-170000-arrested-in-war-on-drugs-police |archive-date=March 29, 2019}}</ref> which reduced drug proliferation<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Caliwan |first=Christopher Lloyd |date=March 30, 2022 |title=Over 24K villages 'drug-cleared' as of February: PDEA |language=en |work=[[Philippine News Agency]] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1171001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331184448/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1171001 |archive-date=March 31, 2022}}</ref> but has also led to [[extrajudicial killing]]s.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Romero |first=Alexis |date=December 26, 2017 |title=Duterte gov't probing over 16,000 drug war-linked deaths as homicide, not EJK |work=[[The Philippine Star]] |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/12/26/1771944/duterte-govt-probing-over-16000-drug-war-linked-deaths-homicide-not-ejk |access-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226113810/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/12/26/1771944/duterte-govt-probing-over-16000-drug-war-linked-deaths-homicide-not-ejk |archive-date=December 26, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Kabiling |first=Genalyn |date=March 5, 2021 |title=Duterte unfazed by drug war criticisms: 'You want me to go prison? So be it' |work=[[Manila Bulletin]] |url=https://mb.com.ph/2021/03/05/duterte-unfazed-by-drug-war-criticisms-you-want-me-to-go-prison-so-be-it/ |access-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305123210/https://mb.com.ph/2021/03/05/duterte-unfazed-by-drug-war-criticisms-you-want-me-to-go-prison-so-be-it/ |archive-date=March 5, 2021}}</ref> The Bangsamoro Organic Law was enacted in 2018.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Maitem |first=Jeoffrey |date=January 25, 2019 |title=It's Official: Majority in So. Philippines Backs Muslim Autonomy Law |language=en |work=[[BenarNews]] |url=https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/philippine/BOL-plebiscite-01252019131530.html |access-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126214617/https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/philippine/BOL-plebiscite-01252019131530.html |archive-date=January 26, 2019}}</ref> In early 2020, the [[COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines|COVID-19 pandemic]] reached the Philippines;<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||date=January 30, 2020 |title=Philippines confirms first case of new coronavirus |work=[[ABS-CBN News]] |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/01/30/20/philippines-confirms-first-case-of-new-coronavirus |access-date=January 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130083057/https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/01/30/20/philippines-confirms-first-case-of-new-coronavirus |archive-date=January 30, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Cordero |first=Ted |date=March 7, 2020 |title=DOH recommends declaration of public health emergency after COVID-19 local transmission |work=[[GMA News Online]] |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/728715/doh-recommends-declaration-of-public-health-emergency-after-covid-19-local-transmission/story/ |access-date=March 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308064057/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/728715/doh-recommends-declaration-of-public-health-emergency-after-covid-19-local-transmission/story/ |archive-date=March 8, 2020}}</ref> its gross domestic product [[COVID-19 recession|shrank]] by 9.5 percent, the country's worst annual economic performance since 1947.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Venzon |first=Cliff |date=January 28, 2021 |title=Philippines GDP shrinks 9.5% in 2020, worst since 1947 |work=[[Nikkei Asia]] |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/Philippines-GDP-shrinks-9.5-in-2020-worst-since-1947 |access-date=January 31, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128061938/https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/Philippines-GDP-shrinks-9.5-in-2020-worst-since-1947 |archive-date=January 28, 2021}}</ref> Marcos' son, [[Bongbong Marcos]], won the [[2022 Philippine presidential election|2022 presidential election]]; Duterte's daughter, [[Sara Duterte|Sara]], became [[Vice President of the Philippines|vice president]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||date=May 10, 2022 |title=Ferdinand "Bongbong" Marcos wins the Philippine presidency in a landslide |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |url=https://www.economist.com/asia/ferdinand-bongbong-marcos-wins-the-philippine-presidency-in-a-landslide/21809220 |access-date=June 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510114935/https://www.economist.com/asia/ferdinand-bongbong-marcos-wins-the-philippine-presidency-in-a-landslide/21809220 |archive-date=May 10, 2022}}</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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