Philanthropy

===France===
[[File:Postcard - Institut Pasteur - Salle des Cours 2000 001 085 g158bh40z.tiff|thumb|right|Men and woman working in a classroom at the [[Pasteur Institute|Institut Pasteur]] in Paris, {{circa|1920}}]]

The [[French Red Cross]] played a minor role in the war with Germany (1870–71). After that, it became a major factor in shaping French civil society as a non-religious humanitarian organization. It was closely tied to the army's [[French Armed Forces Health Service|Service de Santé]]. By 1914 it operated one thousand local committees with 164,000 members, 21,500 trained nurses, and over {{currency|27 million|FRF|passthrough=yes|first}} in assets.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Chrastil | first=Rachel | title=The French Red Cross, War Readiness, and Civil Society, 1866–1914 | journal=French Historical Studies | publisher=Duke University Press | volume=31 | issue=3 | year=2008 | issn=0016-1071 | doi=10.1215/00161071-2008-003 | pages=445–476 | url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/french-historical-studies/article-abstract/31/3/445/9591/The-French-Red-Cross-War-Readiness-and-Civil | url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The [[Pasteur Institute]] had a monopoly of specialized microbiological knowledge, allowing it to raise money for serum production from private and public sources, walking the line between a commercial pharmaceutical venture and a philanthropic enterprise.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=18351159|year=2007|last1=Simon|first1=J|title=The origin of the production of diphtheria antitoxin in France, between philanthropy and commerce|journal=Dynamis: Acta Hispanica Ad Medicinae Scientiarumque Historiam Illustrandam|volume=27|pages=63–82|s2cid=31847730 }}</ref>

By 1933, at the depth of the [[Great Depression]], the French wanted a [[welfare state]] to relieve distress but did not want new taxes. [[War veterans]] devised a solution: the new national lottery proved highly popular to gamblers while generating the cash needed without raising taxes.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Delalande | first=Nicolas | title=Giving and Gambling: The Gueules Cassées, the National Lottery, and the Moral Economy of the Welfare State in 1930s France | journal=French Historical Studies | publisher=Duke University Press | volume=40 | issue=4 | year=2017 | issn=0016-1071 | doi=10.1215/00161071-3946492 | pages=623–649 | url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/french-historical-studies/article-abstract/40/4/623/130488/Giving-and-GamblingThe-Gueules-Cassees-the|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

American money proved invaluable. The Rockefeller Foundation opened an office in Paris and helped design and fund France's modern public health system under the National Institute of Hygiene. It also set up schools to train physicians and nurses.<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{cite journal|first=William H.|last=Schneider|title=War, philanthropy, and the National Institute of Hygiene in France|journal=Minerva|volume=41|number=1|year=2003|pages=1–23|doi=10.1023/A:1022257805553 |s2cid=141342924 }}
|2={{cite journal | last=Smith | first=Timothy B. | title=The Social Transformation of Hospitals and the Rise of Medical Insurance in France, 1914–1943 | journal=The Historical Journal | publisher=Cambridge University Press (CUP) | volume=41 | issue=4 | year=1998 | issn=0018-246X | doi=10.1017/s0018246x98008164 | pages=1055–1087| s2cid=159631276 }}
}}</ref>