Oslo

==History==
{{For timeline}}
===The Viking Age===
During the [[Viking Age]], the area that includes modern Oslo was located in [[Viken, Norway|Viken]], the northernmost province of [[Denmark]]. Control over the area shifted between Danish and Norwegian kings in the Middle Ages, and Denmark continued to claim the area until 1241.

According to the Norse [[saga]]s, Oslo was founded around 1049 by [[Harald Hardrada]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tripadvisor.com/Travel-g190479-s1/Oslo:Norway:Inside.html |title=Inside Oslo : Inside |publisher=TripAdvisor |access-date=25 March 2010 |archive-date=22 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100222230238/http://www.tripadvisor.com/Travel-g190479-s1/Oslo:Norway:Inside.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Recent archaeological research, however, uncovered Christian burials which could be dated to prior to AD 1000, evidence of a preceding urban settlement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oslo, Norway – History of city {{!}} Oslo.com |url=https://www.oslo.com/v/history/ |access-date=11 May 2021 |website=www.oslo.com |archive-date=25 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025061528/https://www.oslo.com/v/history/ |url-status=live}}</ref> This called for the celebration of Oslo's millennium in 2000 rather than 2049.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}

===1000–1600===
{{Main|Old Town, Oslo}}
Under the reign of [[Olaf III of Norway]] (1067-1093), Oslo became a cultural centre for [[Eastern Norway]]. [[Hallvard Vebjørnsson]] became the city's [[patron saint]] and is depicted on the city's seal.

In 1174, [[Hovedøya Abbey]] was built. The churches and abbeys became major owners of large tracts of land, which proved important for the city's economic development, especially before the Black Death.

At the end of the 12th century, [[Hanseatic League]] traders from [[Rostock]] moved into the city and gained major influence in the city. 

On 25 July 1197, [[Sverre of Norway]] and his soldiers attacked Oslo from [[Hovedøya]].<ref name="AttackFromHovedøya">{{cite news |author1=Leif Gjerland |title=Kongen som angrep Oslo fra Hovedøya |newspaper=Aftenposten |date=25 July 2014 |author1-link=Leif Gjerland}}</ref> 

During the [[Middle Ages]], Oslo reached new heights during the reign of [[Haakon V of Norway]] (1299–1319). He was the first king to reside permanently in the city, and it has been regarded as the capital city of Norway since his reign. He also started the construction of the [[Akershus Fortress]] and the Oslo [[Kongsgård]]. 

The Black Death came to Norway in 1349 and, like other cities in Europe, the city suffered greatly. The churches' earnings from their land dropped so much that the Hanseatic traders dominated the city's foreign trade in the 15th century.

In 1380, Norway was the weaker part in a [[personal union]] with Denmark, and Oslo's role was reduced to that of provincial administrative centre, with the monarchs residing in [[Copenhagen]].

===17th century===
Over the years, fires destroyed significant parts of the city multiple times, as many of the city's buildings were built entirely of wood. After the fourteenth calamity, in 1624, which lasted for three days, [[Christian IV of Denmark]] decided that the old city should not be rebuilt again. His men built a network of roads on the other side of the bay in Akershagen near [[Akershus Castle]]. He demanded that all citizens move their shops and workplaces to the newly built city of "Christiania", named in his honor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Christiania - Norsk Folkemuseum |url=https://norskfolkemuseum.no/en/christiania |access-date=2023-08-21 |website=norskfolkemuseum.no |language=en}}</ref> The part of the city built starting in 1624 is now often called ''{{Wikidata fallback link|Q11982577}}''<!--[[Kvadraturen (Oslo)|Kvadraturen]]--> because of its orthogonal layout in regular, square blocks.<ref>{{cite book |year=2000 |title=Oslo byleksikon |isbn=9788257308155 |place=Oslo |publisher=Kunnskapsforl. |url=http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digibok_2009011300087 |access-date=27 February 2017 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728025621/https://www.nb.no/items/URN:NBN:no-nb_digibok_2009011300087 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Anatomigården]] is a historic timber framing house located on the north side of Christiania Torv; it was built in 1640.

The transformation of Christiania went slowly for the first hundred years. However, outside of the city at [[Vaterland, Norway|Vaterland]], [[Grønland, Oslo|Grønland]], and the [[Old Town, Oslo|old town of Oslo]], a new, unmanaged part of the city arose populated by citizens of lower class status.{{cn|date=March 2023}}

The last [[Black Death]] outbreak in Oslo occurred in 1654.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnms.no/index.php?seks_id=110569&a=1 |title=DNMS.NO : Michael: 2005 : 03/2005 : Book review: Black Death and hard facts |publisher=Norwegian Medical Society |author=Øivind Larsen |access-date=11 March 2014 |archive-date=11 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311050728/http://www.dnms.no/index.php?seks_id=110569&a=1 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===18th century===
In the 18th century, after the [[Great Northern War]], the city's economy boomed with shipbuilding and trade. The strong economy transformed Christiania into a trading port.{{cn|date=March 2023}}

===19th century===
The Royal Frederick University (now the [[University of Oslo]]) was founded in 1811; the fact that it was founded this late reportedly had an adverse effect on the development of the nation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Drake |first=Michael |date=July 1965 |title=The growth of population in Norway 1735–1855 |journal=Scandinavian Economic History Review |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=97–142 |doi=10.1080/03585522.1965.10414366 |issn=0358-5522|doi-access=free }}</ref>

In 1814 the former provincial town of Christiania became the capital of the independent Kingdom of Norway, when the union with Denmark was dissolved and replaced by a [[Union between Sweden and Norway|personal union with Sweden]]. Several state institutions were established and the city's role as a capital initiated a period of rapidly increasing population. The government of this new state needed buildings for its expanding administration and institutions. Several important buildings and landmarks were erected in the 19th century, including the [[Royal Palace, Oslo|Royal Palace]] (1825-1848), the [[Bank of Norway]] (1828), the [[Storting]] (1861-1866), the [[University of Oslo|University]], the [[National Theatre (Oslo)|National Theatre]] and the [[Oslo Stock Exchange|Stock Exchange]]. Among the world-famous artists who lived here during this period were [[Henrik Ibsen]] and [[Knut Hamsun]] (the latter was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature). 

Large areas of the surrounding [[Aker, Norway|Aker municipality]] were incorporated in 1839, 1859, and 1878. The 1859 expansion included [[Grünerløkka]], [[Grønland, Oslo|Grønland]], and [[Old Town, Oslo|Oslo]]. At that time the area called ''Oslo'' (now ''Gamlebyen'' or Old Town) was a village or suburb outside the city borders east of Aker river.<ref>Boye, Else: ''Christiania 1814–1905''. Oslo: Grøndahl, 1976.</ref> The population increased from approximately 10.000 in 1814 to 230.000 in 1900. In 1850, Christiania overtook [[Bergen]] and became the most populous city in the country. Christiania expanded its industry from 1840, most importantly around [[Akerselva]]. There was a spectacular building boom during the last decades of the 19th century, with many new apartment buildings and renewal of the city center, but the boom collapsed in 1899.

In 1877 the city was renamed ''Kristiania''.

===1900–present===
In 1948, Oslo merged with [[Aker, Norway|Aker]], a municipality which surrounded the capital and which was 27 times larger, thus creating the modern, vastly enlarged Oslo municipality. At the time, Aker was a mostly affluent, green suburban community, and the merger was unpopular in Aker.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dagsavisen.no/oslo/kommunen-som-ble-slukt-av-oslo-1.1080868 |title=Da Høyre kjempet mot kommunesammenslåing |website=www.dagsavisen.no |date=8 January 2018 |access-date=4 January 2020 |archive-date=4 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200104012534/https://www.dagsavisen.no/oslo/kommunen-som-ble-slukt-av-oslo-1.1080868 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The municipality developed new areas such as [[Ullevål Hageby|Ullevål garden city]] (1918–1926) and [[Torshov]] (1917–1925). [[Oslo City Hall|City Hall]] was constructed in the former slum area of [[Vika, Oslo|Vika]] from 1931 to 1950. The municipality of [[Aker, Norway|Aker]] was incorporated into Oslo in 1948, and suburbs were developed, such as [[Lambertseter]] (from 1951). [[Aker Brygge]] was constructed on the site of the former [[shipyard]] [[Aker ASA|Akers Mekaniske Verksted]], from 1982 to 1998.

The original name of Oslo [[Geographical renaming|was restored]] in 1925.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.byarkivet.oslo.kommune.no/OBA/tobias/tobiasartikler/tob2001-1_01.htm |title=Oslo kommune byarkivet (Oslo City Archives) |publisher=Oslo Kommune |author=Bård Alsvik |access-date=23 September 2013 |archive-date=4 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304212803/http://www.byarkivet.oslo.kommune.no/OBA/tobias/tobiasartikler/tob2001-1_01.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

The city and municipality used the name ''Kristiania'' until 1 January 1925 when the name changed to ''Oslo''. Oslo was the name of an eastern suburb – it had been the site of the city centre, until the devastating 1624 fire. King [[Christian IV of Denmark]] ordered a new city built with his own name; Oslo remained a poor suburb outside the city border. In the early-20th century, Norwegians argued that a name memorialising a Danish king was inappropriate as the name of the capital of Norway, which became fully independent in 1905.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nrk.no/ostlandssendingen/xl/da-oslo-ble-oslo-1.13150638 |title=Da Oslo ble Oslo |last=NRK |work=NRK |access-date=5 May 2018 |language=nb-NO |archive-date=23 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323202849/https://www.nrk.no/ostlandssendingen/xl/da-oslo-ble-oslo-1.13150638 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Norway was [[Operation Weserübung|invaded by Germany]] on 9 April 1940. Efforts to stop the invasion, most notably the [[Battle of Drøbak Sound|sinking of Blücher]], delayed the occupation of Oslo for a few hours which allowed [[Haakon VII of Norway|King Haakon]] to escape the city. Oslo remained occupied throughout the war until Germany capitulated in 1945. During this time, the occupying troops were harried by saboteurs in acts of resistance. On 31 December 1944, allied bombers missed their intended target and hit a tram, resulting in 79 civilian deaths.<ref>[https://www.aftenposten.no/oslo/i/w00o/hele-familien-ble-drept-av-britiske-bomber-paa-nyttaarsaften-anne-lise-juuls-far-erik-18-overlevde Hele familien ble drept av britiske bomber på nyttårsaften. Anne-Lise Juuls far Erik (18) overlevde.]</ref>

During the [[2011 Norway attacks]], Oslo was hit by a bomb blast that ripped through the [[Regjeringskvartalet|Government Quarter]], damaging several buildings including the building that houses the [[Office of the Prime Minister (Norway)|Office of the Prime Minister]]. Eight people died in the bomb attack.

On 25 June 2022, two people were killed and 21 others injured in [[2022 Oslo shooting|a mass shooting]]. An Iranian-born Norwegian citizen was subsequently charged with "aggravated terrorism".<ref name="BBC News-2022">{{Cite news |date=25 June 2022 |title=Oslo shooting: Norway attack being treated as Islamist terrorism, police say |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61933817 |access-date=25 June 2022 |archive-date=25 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625164715/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61933817 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=10 November 2023 |first=Jan|last=Olsen|title=Iranian-born Norwegian man is charged over deadly Oslo Pride attack in 2022 |language=en-GB |work=Associated Press |url=https://apnews.com/article/norway-terror-radical-islamist-oslo-pride-attack-21cf3dcb4fcad4c24e2e5d0ec7c640ff |access-date=22 February 2024}}</ref>

The city has continued to expand. For a few years, new large scale housing areas and infrastructure projects are being built and planned across the city, notably in [[Hasle]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Årdal |first=Tore |date=2021-10-01 |title=Haslelinje - Gigantutbyggingen gjennomført i løpet av ti år |url=https://www.estatenyheter.no/magasin/haslelinje---gigantutbyggingen-gjennomfort-i-lopet-av-ti-ar/309716 |access-date=2024-04-06 |website=www.estatenyheter.no |language=nb-NO}}</ref> [[Helsfyr]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-15 |title=Store planer for områdene: Dette bygges på Bryn og Helsfyr nå |url=https://eiendomswatch.no/nyheter/kontor/article16601529.ece |access-date=2024-04-06 |website=eiendomswatch.no}}</ref>[[Bjørvika]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-13 |title=Bjørvika - Fjordbyen |url=https://www.oslo.kommune.no/slik-bygger-vi-oslo/fjordbyen/bjorvika/ |access-date=2024-04-06 |website=Oslo kommune |language=no}}</ref> [[Nydalen]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-14 |title=Det er Nydalens siste ubebygde tomt. Kravene om park er blitt hørt, men blir den stor nok? |url=https://www.aftenposten.no/oslo/i/69B9jr/slik-planlegges-den-siste-store-utbyggingen-i-nydalen |access-date=2024-04-06 |website=www.aftenposten.no |language=nb}}</ref> and [[Sinsen]], this is increasing the density in and arond [[Ring 2]] and [[Ring 3]]. The [[Fornebu Line|Fornebu line]] on the metro is under construction as of 2024, and further subway lines crossing the inner city are being planned.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-27 |title=Fornebubanen - Slik bygger vi Oslo |url=https://www.oslo.kommune.no/slik-bygger-vi-oslo/fornebubanen/ |access-date=2024-04-06 |website=Oslo kommune |language=no}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="140">
File:Medieval Oslo map.jpg|Map of medieval Oslo,<br />by [[Amund Helland]]
File:Harbour of Christiania (JW Edy plate 50).jpg|1800–1820: Port of Christiania,<br />by [[John William Edy]]
File:Bridge, at Christiania (JW Edy plate 52).jpg|1800–1820: the old [[Vaterland, Norway|Vaterland]] Bridge,<br />by John William Edy
File:Christiania Norway in 1814 by MK Tholstrup.jpg|1814: Christiania seen from [[Ekeberg]],<br />by M. K. Tholstrup
File:Homannsbyen.jpg|1867: [[Homansbyen]],<br />by [[Georg Andreas Bull]]
File:Hjula Veveri JWC.240.jpg|1867: [[Hjula Veveri]] besides [[Akerselva]],<br />by [[Carl Baagøe]]
File:Karl Johan 1880s.jpeg|1890s: [[Karl Johans gate]]
File:0133. Christiania, Nationalteatret, 1897 - NB bldsa AL0133 2.jpg|1897: the [[Christiania Theatre]]
File:2 Universitetet. Kristiania - no-nb digifoto 20151127 00220 bldsa PK09950 (cropped).jpg|1800s–1900s: the [[University of Oslo|University of Kristiania]]
File:Stortorvet 7, Stortorvet 8 med Kaffistova, Karl Johans gate 15, 1926, Anders Beer Wilse, Oslo Museum, OB.Y2962.jpg|1926: [[Karl Johans gate]] 15
File:Oslo-oslo-sporveier-sl-2-601737.jpg|1971: tram ([[Frogner Line]]) at Frognerveien
</gallery>