Original sin

===Latin Fathers before Augustine===
[[Tertullian]], perhaps the first to believe in hereditary transmission of sin, did so on the basis of the [[traducianism|traducian theory]]. He posited to help explain the origins of the soul, which stated that each individual's soul was derived from the soul of their two parents, and therefore, because everyone is ultimately a descendant of Adam through sexual reproduction, the souls of humanity are partly derived from Adam's own soul – the only one directly created by God, and as a sinful soul, the derived souls of humanity, too, are sinful. [[Cyprian]], on the other hand, believed that individuals were born already guilty of sin, and he was the first to link his notion of original guilt with [[infant baptism]]. Cyprian writes that the infant is "born has not sinned at all, except that carnally born according to Adam, he has contracted the contagion of the first death from the first nativity." Another text to assert the connection between original sin and infant baptism was the [[Manichaeism|Manichaen]] ''Letter to Menoch'', although it is of disputed authenticity.<ref>BeDuhm & Mirecki, ''The Light and the Darkness: Studies in Manichaeism and Its World'', Brill 2020, p. 154</ref>

In addition was [[Cyril of Jerusalem]], who thought humans were born free of sin, but he also believed that, as adults, humanity was naturally biased towards sinning. [[Ambrose]] accepted the idea of hereditary sin, also linking it, like Cyprian, to infant baptism, but as a shift from earlier proponents of a transmitted sin, he argued that Adam's sin was solely his own fault, in his attempt to attain equality with God, rather than the fault of the devil. One contemporary of Ambrose was [[Ambrosiaster]], the first to introduce a translation of Romans 5:12 that substituted the language of all being in death "because all sinned" to "in him all sinned".

Augustine's primary formulation of original sin was based on a mistranslation of Romans 5:12. This mistranslation would act as the basis for Augustine's complete development of the doctrine of original sin, and Augustine would quote Ambrosiaster as the source.{{sfn|Toews|2013|pp=62-72}} Some exegetes still justify the doctrine of original sin based on the wider context of Romans 5:12–21.{{sfn|Moo|1996|p=}}{{sfn|Morris|1988|p=}}

[[Hilary of Poitiers]] did not clearly articulate a concept of original sin, though anticipates the views of Augustine, as he declared that all humanity is implicated in Adam's downfall.<ref name=":2">{{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=D. H. |title=Justification by Faith: a Patristic Doctrine |journal=The Journal of Ecclesiastical History |date=October 2006 |volume=57 |issue=4 |pages=649–667 |doi=10.1017/S0022046906008207 |s2cid=170253443 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/4BCD306196706C82B0DDFDA7EC611BC7/S0022046906008207a.pdf/justification_by_faith_a_patristic_doctrine.pdf}}</ref>
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