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Do not fill this in! === Structural racism === Minneapolis has a history of [[societal racism|structural racism]]<ref>{{cite magazine |title = George Floyd's Death and the Long History of Racism in Minneapolis |url = https://time.com/5844030/george-floyd-minneapolis-history/ |author = Waxman, Olivia B. |date = June 2, 2020 |magazine = [[Time (magazine)|Time]] |quote = Delegard told ''Time'', 'Structural racism is really baked into the geography of this city and as a result it really permeates every institution in this city.' |access-date = November 17, 2022 |archive-date = November 17, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221117002036/https://time.com/5844030/george-floyd-minneapolis-history/ |url-status = live|postscript=, }}</ref> and has racial disparities in nearly every aspect of society.<ref name=Mpls2040>{{cite web |quote = ...in 2010, Minneapolis led the nation in having the widest unemployment disparity between African-American and white residents. This remains true in 2018. And disparities also exist in nearly every other measurable social aspect, including of economic, housing, safety and health outcomes, between people of color and indigenous people compared with white people." and "In Minneapolis, 83 percent of white non-Hispanics have more than a high school education, compared with 47 percent of black people and 45 percent of American Indians. Only 32 percent of Hispanics have more than a high school education. |url = https://minneapolis2040.com/goals/eliminate-disparities/ |title = Goals: 1. Eliminate disparities |work = Department of Community Planning & Economic Development|publisher=City of Minneapolis |access-date = November 17, 2022 |archive-date = November 17, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221117184308/https://minneapolis2040.com/goals/eliminate-disparities/ |url-status = live }}</ref> Some historians and commentators have said White Minneapolitans used discrimination based on race against the city's non-White residents. As White settlers displaced the indigenous population during the 19th century, they claimed the city's land,<ref>{{cite news |title = How did Minn. become one of the most racially inequitable states? |url = https://www.startribune.com/how-did-minnesota-become-one-of-the-most-racially-inequitable-states/547537761/ |first1 = Randy |last1 = Furst |first2 = MaryJo |last2 = Webster |date = September 6, 2019 |access-date = May 27, 2021 |work =[[Star Tribune]]|quote = The privileges of whites go back much further ... to when American Indians were forced off their land in the 1860s. |archive-date = June 2, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213424/https://www.startribune.com/how-did-minnesota-become-one-of-the-most-racially-inequitable-states/547537761/ |url-status = live }}</ref> and Kirsten Delegard of [[Mapping Prejudice]] explains that today's disparities evolved from control of the land.<ref name="ab">{{cite news |title = Why This Started in Minneapolis |url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-06-05/revealing-the-divisive-history-of-minneapolis |author = Holder, Sarah |date = June 5, 2020 |access-date = May 27, 2021 |publisher = [[Bloomberg L.P.]]|work=[[Bloomberg L.P.#CityLab|CityLab]] |archive-date = August 17, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210817094227/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-06-05/revealing-the-divisive-history-of-minneapolis |url-status = live }}</ref> Discrimination increased when flour milling moved to the [[East Coast of the United States|East Coast]] and the economy declined.{{sfn|Weber|2022|pp=84, 88}} The [[Interstate 35W (Minnesota)|I-35W highway]] built in 1959 under the [[Interstate Highway System]]<ref>{{cite news|title=The Minnesota Paradox|url=https://www.minnesotaalumni.org/stories/the-minnesota-paradox|last=Larsen|first=Elizabeth Foy|date=Fall 2020|access-date=May 28, 2023|work=Minnesota Alumni|publisher=[[University of Minnesota]]|archive-date=May 28, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528223148/https://www.minnesotaalumni.org/stories/the-minnesota-paradox|url-status=live}}</ref> cut through Black and Mexican neighborhoods.{{sfn|Weber|2022|p=132|loc=35W "...went through a Mexican and Black neighborhood"}} The foundation laid by racial [[covenant (law)|covenant]]s on residential segregation, property value, homeownership, wealth, housing security, access to green spaces, trees and parks, and health equity shapes the lives of people in 2022.<ref>{{cite web|title=What is a Covenent: How racial covenants impact us today|publisher=[[University of Minnesota]]|access-date=May 28, 2023|url=https://mappingprejudice.umn.edu/racial-covenants/what-is-a-covenant|archive-date=May 28, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528221509/https://mappingprejudice.umn.edu/racial-covenants/what-is-a-covenant|url-status=live}}</ref> The city wrote in a decennial plan that racially discriminatory federal housing policies starting in the 1930s "prevented access to mortgages in areas with Jews, African-Americans and other minorities", and "left a lasting effect on the physical characteristics of the city and the financial well-being of its residents."<ref>{{cite web |url = https://minneapolis2040.com/goals/eliminate-disparities/ |title = Goals: 1. Eliminate disparities |work = Department of Community Planning & Economic Development |publisher = City of Minneapolis |access-date = June 22, 2023 |archive-date = November 17, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221117184308/https://minneapolis2040.com/goals/eliminate-disparities/ |url-status = live }}</ref> Discussing a [[Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis]] report on how systemic racism compromises education in Minnesota,<ref>Factors outlined include racial gaps in opportunity, limited pre-school subsidy programs, educator bias, differences in families' and schools' economic resources, less-experienced teachers, and completion rate gaps. {{cite report|quote=This article highlights evidence of how systemic racism undermines the education system in Minnesota.|title=Minnesota's education system shows persistent opportunity gaps by race|url=https://www.minneapolisfed.org/article/2021/minnesotas-education-system-shows-persistent-opportunity-gaps-by-race|date=January 11, 2021|access-date=June 18, 2023|publisher=[[Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis]]|first1=Rob|last1=Grunewald|first2=Ben|last2=Horowitz|first3=Kim-Eng|last3=Ky|first4=Alene|last4=Tchourumoff|archive-date=June 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618150432/https://www.minneapolisfed.org/article/2021/minnesotas-education-system-shows-persistent-opportunity-gaps-by-race|url-status=live}}</ref> Professor [[Keith Mayes]] says, "So the housing disparities created the educational disparities that we still live with today."<ref name=Mayes>{{cite news|url=https://www.kare11.com/article/news/local/george-floyd/a-look-at-the-history-of-racial-covenants-and-housing-discrimination-in-minneapolis/89-f1cacace-6655-42b5-b0a7-d5a6651d63b4|title=A look at the history of racial covenants and housing discrimination in Minneapolis|author=Wigdahl, Heidi|date=June 11, 2020|access-date=April 24, 2021|work=[[KARE (TV)|KARE-TV News]]|archive-date=February 15, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215133903/https://www.kare11.com/article/news/local/george-floyd/a-look-at-the-history-of-racial-covenants-and-housing-discrimination-in-minneapolis/89-f1cacace-6655-42b5-b0a7-d5a6651d63b4|url-status=live}}</ref> Professor [[Samuel Myers Jr.]] says of [[redlining]], "Policing policies evolved that substituted explicit racial profiling with scientific management of racially disparate arrests. {{nowrap|... racially}} discriminatory policies became institutionalized and 'baked in' to the fabric of Minnesota life."<ref>{{cite web|title=The Minnesota Paradox|url=https://www.hhh.umn.edu/research-centers/roy-wilkins-center-human-relations-and-social-justice/minnesota-paradox|last=Myers|first=Samuel L. Jr.|access-date=May 29, 2023|publisher=[[University of Minnesota]]|archive-date=May 29, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529040243/https://www.hhh.umn.edu/research-centers/roy-wilkins-center-human-relations-and-social-justice/minnesota-paradox|url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|Separately, Myers describes how the Minneapolis police department's adoption of CODEFOR in 1998 increased policing in areas of Minneapolis that were disproportionately nonwhite, with dual results: "Minority residents are afforded improved safety and law enforcement services; minority offenders unsurprisingly may be disproportionately apprehended for relatively minor transgressions in order to achieve the higher levels of safety."{{sfn|Myers|2002}}}} In 2020, government efforts to address these disparities include declaring racism a [[public health emergency (United States)|public health emergency]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Minneapolis declares racism a public health emergency|last=McNamara|first=Audrey|date=July 17, 2020|access-date=May 18, 2023|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/minneapolis-racism-public-health-emergency/|work=[[CBS News]]|publisher=[[CBS Interactive]]|archive-date=May 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518173123/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/minneapolis-racism-public-health-emergency/|url-status=live}}</ref> and zoning changes passed by the 2018 [[Minneapolis City Council]] 2040 plan.<ref>{{cite news|title=Minneapolis Has A Bold Plan To Tackle Racial Inequity. Now It Has To Follow Through|last=Sommer|first=Laura|date=June 18, 2020|access-date=May 18, 2023|work=[[NPR]]|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/06/18/877460056/minneapolis-has-a-bold-plan-to-tackle-racial-inequity-now-it-has-to-follow-throu|archive-date=May 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518170735/https://www.npr.org/2020/06/18/877460056/minneapolis-has-a-bold-plan-to-tackle-racial-inequity-now-it-has-to-follow-throu|url-status=live}}</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see Christianpedia:Copyrights for details). Do not submit copyrighted work without permission! Cancel Editing help (opens in new window) Discuss this page