Louisiana

===Asylum and influence of Creoles from Saint-Domingue===
{{further|Saint-Domingue Creoles}}
[[File:Agostino_Brunias_-_The_linen_market_at_Saint-Domingue,_1804.png|right|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Saint-Domingue Creoles]]]]
Spanish occupation of Louisiana lasted from 1769 to 1800.<ref>{{cite web|title=Louisiana: European Explorations and the Louisiana Purchase|url=https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/louisiana-european-explorations-and-the-louisiana-purchase/images/lapurchase.pdf|access-date=June 7, 2021|website=Library of Congress|page=4|archive-date=May 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523081214/https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/louisiana-european-explorations-and-the-louisiana-purchase/images/lapurchase.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Beginning in the 1790s, waves of immigration took place from [[Saint-Domingue]] as refugees poured over following a [[Haitian Revolution|slave rebellion]] that started during the [[French Revolution]] of [[Saint-Domingue]] in 1791. Over the next decade, thousands of refugees landed in Louisiana from the island, including Europeans, Creoles, and Africans, some of the latter brought in by each free group. They greatly increased the French-speaking population in New Orleans and Louisiana, as well as the number of Africans, and the slaves reinforced [[African culture]] in the city.<ref>"[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ht0017) The Slave Rebellion of 1791] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205164427/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+ht0017%29 |date=February 5, 2016 }}". [[Library of Congress Country Studies]].</ref>

[[Anglo-Americans|Anglo-American]] officials initially made attempts to keep out the additional [[gens de couleur libres|Creoles of color]], but the [[Louisiana Creole people|Louisiana Creoles]] wanted to increase the Creole population: more than half of the refugees eventually settled in Louisiana, and the majority remained in [[New Orleans]].<ref>''The Bourgeois Frontier : French Towns, French Traders and American Expansion,'' by Jay Gitlin (2009). Yale University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-300-10118-8}}, pg 54</ref>

[[Pierre Clément de Laussat]] ([[List of colonial governors of Louisiana|Governor]], 1803) said: "Saint-Domingue was, of all our colonies in the Antilles, the one whose mentality and customs influenced Louisiana the most."<ref>[http://www.inmotionaame.org/gallery/detail.cfm;jsessionid=f8301053021342952617924?migration=5&topic=2&id=463576&type=image&bhcp=1 Sieur de Bienville] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117095126/http://www.inmotionaame.org/gallery/detail.cfm;jsessionid=f8301053021342952617924?migration=5&topic=2&id=463576&type=image&bhcp=1 |date=January 17, 2013 }}, "In Motion", African American Migration Experience, accessed July 22, 2012</ref>
[[File:Anonymous portrait of Jean Lafitte, early 19th century, Rosenberg Library, Galveston, Texas.JPG|thumb|upright|French pirate [[Jean Lafitte]], who operated in New Orleans, was born in [[Port-au-Prince]] around 1782.<ref>[http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/neworleans.html Saving New Orleans] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120530043826/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/neworleans.html |date=May 30, 2012 }}, ''Smithsonian'' magazine, August 2006. Retrieved February 16, 2010.</ref>]]